TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL
T-BUTYL ALCOHOLHuman Health Effects:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
A4. A4= Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: There are inadequate data on
which to classify the agent in terms of its carcinogenicity in humans and/or
animals.
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Symptomatology: 1. Central nervous system: headache, muscle weakness,
giddiness, ataxia, confusion, delirium, coma. 2. Gastrointestinal: nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea (odor of the alcohol in excreta). 3. Irritation of skin,
eyes, throat from vapor or liquid. Cough and dyspnea. 4. Death from resp
failure. 5. Disturbances of cardiac rhythm. 6. Occasional complications: a.
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage b. Renal damage with glycosuria c. Liver damage d.
Cardiac failure e. Pulmonary edema f. Methemoglobin formation reportedly from
amyl alcohols. /Alcohols (higher)/
TERTIARY ALCOHOLS ARE METABOLIZED SLOWLY AND INCOMPLETELY, SO THAT THEIR
TOXIC EFFECTS ARE ESPECIALLY PERSISTENT. /ALCOHOLS, HIGHER/
... BUTYL ALCOHOLS HAVE PRODUCED FEW CASES OF POISONING IN INDUSTRY BECAUSE
OF THEIR LOW VOLATILITY. /BUTYL ALCOHOLS/
On the human skin, no reaction other than slight erythma and hyperemia
followed the contact with ... /tert-butyl alcohol/.
ETHANOL & CERTAIN SHORT CHAIN ARYL (BENZYL) & ALIPHATIC (PROPYL,
BUTYL) ALCOHOLS PRODUCED UP TO 10 FOLD INCR IN CYCLIC AMP CONCN IN PURIFIED
HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES. ETHANOL CONCN AS LOW AS 80 MG/DL PRODUCED
SIGNIFICANT ELEVATIONS IN LYMPHOCYTE CYCLIC AMP.
Application of 2-methylpropanol-2 to the skin of human volunteers resulted in
only slight erythema & hyperemia.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Vapor: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat; ... Liquid: Irritating to the
eyes.
On the human skin, no reaction other than slight erythma and hyperemia
followed the contact with ... /tert-butyl alcohol/.
Medical Surveillance:
... Employee who is exposed to tert-butyl alcohol at
potentially hazardous levels ... should be screened for history of certain
medical conditions ... /skin, liver, kidney, eye, chronic respiratory, central
and peripheral nervous system diseases/ which might place the employee at incr
risk from tert-butyl alcohol exposure.
... Any employee developing the ... conditions should be referred for further
medical exam.
Populations at Special Risk:
/Individuals with a history of skin, liver, kidney, or chronic respiratory,
central or peripheral nervous system diseases maybe at/ increased risk from tert-butyl
alcohol exposure.
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Ingestion, inhalation, skin, and eye contact.
The following list includes some common operations in which exposure to tert-butyl
alcohol may occur ... . Liberation during vapor application of
lacquer surface coatings, during use of industrial cleaning cmpd; use as a
chemical intermediate in manufacture of tert-butyl chloride and tert-butyl
phenol; liberation during mixing of perfumes, lacquers, and denatured alcohol in
open-surface tanks; use as a solvent for drug extraction, water removal, wax
solvent, extraction of hypochlorous acid lube oil, and laboratory procedures.
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-83) has statistically estimated that 149,918 workers
(15,519 of these are female) are potentially exposed to t-butyl alcohol in the
US(1). Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact
with this compound at workplaces where t-butyl alcohol is produced or used(SRC).
T-butyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in the air of printing, painting
and car repair shops in Belgium from 1983-1986(2). The general population may be
exposed to t-butyl alcohol through the ingestion of drinking water and foods
that contain this compound(SRC).
Body Burden:
t-Butyl alcohol was identified, but not quantified, in mother's milk(1,2).
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for
signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary.
Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and
treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ...
. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush
eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline
during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and
administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can
swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated
charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/
Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for
airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema.
Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be
beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... .
Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use
lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid
overload. Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor,
dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below
50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with
diazepam (Valium) ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer
fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal
fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Consider drug therapy for
pulmonary edema ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation
... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
A4. A4= Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen: There are inadequate data on
which to classify the agent in terms of its carcinogenicity in humans and/or
animals.
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
LIKE THE OTHER BUTYL ALCOHOLS, TERTIARY BUTYL ALCOHOL IS A ... /CNS
DEPRESSANT/, STRONGER IN ANIMALS THAN BUTANOL-1 OR ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL ... .
SYMPTOMS OF ... INTOXICATION FOLLOWING IP INJECTION IN RATS ARE VIRTUALLY
IDENTICAL TO THAT OF ETHANOL, ALBEIT THAT 2-METHYLPROPANOL-2 WAS 1.5 TIMES MORE
POTENT THAN ETHANOL. ... DEPRESSION OF THE CNS IN RATS WAS REPORTED AT 108
MG/KG. ... CHANGES IN ORGANISM: A SLIGHT FATTY INFILTRATION OF LIVER AND KIDNEYS
WAS OBSERVED FOLLOWING DEEP NARCOSIS. AFTER IP ADMIN OF LETHAL DOSES OF
2-METHYLPROPANOL-2, POST-MORTEM EXAM OF THE LIVERS SHOWED AN ABNORMAL DARK
COLORATION.
ORAL ADMIN OF TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL IN
RATS ELICITED A THREEFOLD INCR IN LIVER MICROSOMAL ENZYME ACTIVITY 24 HR LATER.
IN RATS FED FOR 21 DAYS ON BALANCED LIQUID DIET CONTAINING EITHER ETHANOL (90
ML/L) OR T-BUTANOL (20 ML/L), SIGNS OF A WITHDRAWAL REACTION WERE FIRST OBSERVED
2-4 HR AFTER REMOVING ETHANOL FROM THE DIET. SIMILAR SIGNS OF WITHDRAWAL BUT
MORE SEVERE AND DELAYED FOR 4-6 HR WERE OBSERVED IN ANIMALS AFTER REMOVING T-BUTANOL
FROM DIET. AFTER REMOVING THE ALCOHOL, BLOOD ETHANOL LEVELS FELL BELOW THE
LOWEST MEASURABLE CONCN (10 MG/100 ML) WITHIN 4 HR, WHEREAS T-BUTANOL WAS
DETECTABLE FOR MORE THAN 8 HR.
SIGNS OF INTOXICATION IN ANIMALS EXPOSED TO VAPORS OF TERT-BUTYL
ALCOHOL ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE OF THE OTHER BUTYL ALCOHOLS, I.E.
ATAXIA & NARCOSIS. IT HAS, HOWEVER, A STRONGER NARCOTIC ACTION UPON MICE
THAN HAS NORMAL OR ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL.
In the results for mutagenicity in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, t-butyl
alcohol tested negative. /Dose not specified/
In the results for cytogenetic effects in Chinese hamster ovary cells,
t-butyl alcohol tested negative for chromosome aberrations, and negative for
sister chromatid exchanges.
The effects of n-butyl and t-butyl alcohol on the respiration of electrically
stimulated and unstimulated slices of rat brain cortical tissue were studied.
n-Butyl alcohol, at a concn of 9 mM, and t-butyl alcohol, at a concn of 41 mM,
reduced the respiration of stimulated tissue by about 11.5%, and depressed
respiration of unstimulated tissue. It is concluded that the alcohols ... act
primarily by interfering with mechanisms closely related to the excitation cycle
in conducting membranes.
In the rat, the order of incr lethality by single dose oral admin is ...
ethyl, isopropyl (and sec-butyl), n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl ... alcohols.
The butyl alcohols are ... 2 to 5 times more toxic than ethanol when tested
acutely in the rat. ... Toxic symptoms from butyl ... alcohol are usually more
severe and more prolonged than those in ethanol intoxication. /Alcohols, higher/
t-Butyl alcohol was evaluated for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome
preincubation assay using the standard protocol approved by the National
Toxicology Program. t-Butyl alcohol was tested at doses of 0, 100, 333, 1000,
3333, and 10,000 ug/plate in four Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100,
TA1535, and TA1537) in the presence and absence of Aroclor induced rat or
hamster liver S9. t-Butyl alcohol was negative in these tests and the highest
ineffective dose level tested in any Salmonella tester strain was 10,000 ug/plate.
Changes in the cytochrome p450 enzyme systems were investigated in the liver,
kidney, and lung of rats exposed to butanol and its isomers at 2000 ppm for 3
days and at 500 ppm for 5 days. A pronounced increase in the microsomal p450 was
observed in the kidney, with sec-butanol and tert-butanol causing 47% and 36%
increases, respectively. The lung and liver microsomal p450 was unaltered. The
induction of p450 was greater at lower concentration. A longer duration of
exposure is required for the enzyme induction in the kidney, whereas the
concentration is an important factor for its induction in the liver.
Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to either an ethanol or t-butyl
alcohol (2-methylpropan-2-ol) group (n= 10). Each rat in the ethanol group
received ip injections of 0, 1.5, and 3.0 g/kg ethanol which were separated by
intervals of 4 days. The t-butyl alcohol group received 0, 0.3, or 0.6 g/kg ip
injections of t-butyl alcohol at 4 day intervals. Rectal temperature and blood
glucose were measured immediately before and 1, 2, and 3 hr after injections.
Both alcohols produced hyperglycemic and hypothermic effects whose magnitude and
time course are nearly identical. Both effects were dose dependent and time
dependent. Evaluation of the association between the peak thermic and glycemic
responses gave a peak value from the high dose at 3 hr after injection. For
t-butyl alcohol the correlation was -0.879 (n= 12).
A CORRELATION BETWEEN HYPNOTIC POTENCY OF ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL & ABILITIES
TO DISRUPT STRUCTURE OF NEURONAL MEMBRANE IN VITRO WAS ESTABLISHED. SIGNIFICANT
REDN IN ORDER PARAMETER WERE OBSERVED @ NERVE BLOCKING CONCN. THE FOLLOWING
ALCOHOLS WERE INVESTIGATED: ETHANOL, PROPANOL, 2-PROPANOL, BUTANOL, 2-BUTANOL,
2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL, 2-METHYL-2-PROPANOL. DISORDERING POTENCY OF EACH ALCOHOL
WAS CLOSELY RELATED TO ITS MEMBRANE SOLUBILITY, BASED ON OIL/WATER PARTITION
COEFFICIENT.
... Male & female F344/N rats & B6C3F1 mice were given t-butyl
alcohol (>99% pure) in drinking water for ... 2 yr. ... 2 YEAR STUDY IN RATS:
Groups of 60 F344/N rats were given 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/ml t-butyl alcohol
(males) or 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/ml t-butyl alcohol (females) in drinking water
for 2 yr. These correspond to average daily doses of approx 90, 200, or 420 mg
t-butyl alcohol/kg bw for males & approx 180, 330, or 650 mg t-butyl
alcohol/kg bw for females. ... 2 YR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 60 male & 60
female B6C3F1 mice were given 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/ml t-butyl alcohol in drinking
water for 2 yr. Exposure levels of 5, 10, or 20 mg/mL delivered average daily
doses of approx 540, 1,040, or 2,070 mg t-butyl alcohol/kg bw to males &
approx 510, 1,020, or 2,110 mg/kg to females. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions
of these 2 yr drinking water studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic
activity of t-butyl alcohol in male F344/N rats based on incr incidences of
renal tubule adenoma or carcinoma (combined). There was no evidence of
carcinogenic activity in female F344/N rats receiving 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/ml t-butyl
alcohol. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of t-butyl
aicohol in male B6C3F1 mice based on the marginally incr incidences of
follicular cell adenoma or carcinoma (combined) of the thyroid gland. There was
some evidence of carcinogenic activity of t-butyl alcohol in female B6C3F1 mice
based on incr incidences of follicular cell adenoma of the thyroid gland.
Physical dependence following admin of 2-methylpropanol-2 was described for
mice, rats & guinea pigs. About 5-6 hr after removal of 2-methylpropanol-2,
a delayed withdrawal syndrome occurred with muscular rigidity, stiff curled
tails, tremor, irritability & forelimb convulsions. A few rats even died
because of audiogenic convulsions. The symptoms of withdrawal observed with
2-methylpropanol-2 & ethanol were similar in nature. However, the potency of
2-methylpropanol-2 to produce physical dependence is about 5 times > that of
ethanol.
In the rat brain cortex slices, 2-methylpropanol-2 decr the response to
electrical stimulation & reduced sodium influx, while the potassium efflux
was hardly affected.
National Toxicology Program Studies:
... Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were given t-butyl alcohol
(greater than 99% pure) in drinking water for ... 2 yr. ... 2 YEAR STUDY IN
RATS: Groups of 60 F344/N rats were given 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/ml t-butyl
alcohol (males) or 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/ml t-butyl alcohol (females) in drinking
water for 2 yr. These correspond to average daily doses of approximately 90,
200, or 420 mg t-butyl alcohol/kg body weight for males and approximately 180,
330, or 650 mg t-butyl alcohol/kg body weight for females. ... 2 YR STUDY IN
MICE: Groups of 60 male and 60 female B6C3F1 mice were given 0, 5, 10, or 20
mg/ml t-butyl alcohol in drinking water for 2 yr. Exposure levels of 5, 10, or
20 mg/mL delivered average daily doses of approximately 540, 1,040, or 2,070 mg
t-butyl alcohol/kg body weight to males and approximately 510, 1,020, or 2,110
mg/kg to females. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2 yr drinking water
studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of t-butyl alcohol in
male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of renal tubule adenoma or
carcinoma (combined). There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in female
F344/N rats receiving 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/ml t-butyl alcohol. There was equivocal
evidence of carcinogenic activity of t-butyl alcohol in male B6C3F1 mice based
on the marginally increased incidences of follicular cell adenoma or carcinoma
(combined) of the thyroid gland. There was some evidence of carcinogenic
activity of t-butyl alcohol in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences
of follicular cell adenoma of the thyroid gland.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rats oral 3.5 g/kg bw
LD50 Rabbit oral 3.6 g/kg bw
LD50 Mouse ip 0.9 g/kg bw
LD50 Mouse iv 1.5 g/kg bw
LD50 Mouse subcutanous 3.9 g/kg bw
Ecotoxicity Values:
LD100 Semolitus atromaculatus (creek chub) 6000 mg/l/24 hr in Detroit river
water /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Poecilia reticulata (guppy) 3550 ppm/7 days /Conditions of bioassay not
specified/
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
2-METHYLPROPANOL-2, LIKE OTHER TERTIARY ALCOHOLS, IS MORE BIOLOGICALLY STABLE
THAN SECONDARY BUTYL ALCOHOLS, THEREFORE LESS READILY METABOLIZED. IT UNDERGOES
A RELATIVELY HIGH DEGREE OF CONJUGATION (24%) ... .
TERT-BUTANOL IS THE MOSTLY HIGHLY CONJUGATED OF THE BUTANOLS & RABBITS
EXCRETE SOME 24% OF DOSE IN URINE AS THE GLUCURONIDE.
EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED THAT T-BUTANOL SERVES AS SUBSTRATE FOR RAT LIVER
MICROSOMES & THAT IT IS OXIDATIVELY DEMETHYLATED TO YIELD FORMALDEHYDE.
t-Butyl alcohol is not a substrate for alcohol dehydrogenase or for the
peroxidative activity of catalase, therefore, it is used frequently as an
example of a non-metabolizable alcohol. tert-Butyl
alcohol is a scavenger of the hydroxyl radical and can be
oxidized to formaldehyde and acetone from four different systems; (a) iron
catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid (b) hydrogen peroxide and iron (c) coupled
oxidation of xanthine oxidase, an enzymatic bound system (d) NADPH-dependent
microsomal electron transfer, a membrane bound system. Because of its special
biochemical properties, t-butyl alcohol may be a valuable probe for the
detection of hydroxyl radicals in intact cells and in vivo.
In vitro reactions with liver microsomes of mice produced tert-butanol from
isobutane.
Male Wistar rats exposed to 50, 100, or 300 ppm methyl tertiary-butyl ether
vapor ... showed ... blood concns of tert-butanol which were dose dependent
indicating metabolic breakdown of the ether in vivo.
METABOLISM OF ETHANOL, PROPANOL, ISOPROPANOL, BUTANOL, ISOBUTANOL, SEC-BUTANOL,
& TERT-BUTANOL WAS STUDIED AFTER ORAL ADMIN IN RABBITS. BLOOD PH WAS ON THE
ACID SIDE WITH PROPANOL, BUTANOL, & ISOBUTANOL, AND ON THE ALKALINE SIDE
WITH ISOPROPANOL & SEC-BUTANOL, BUT NO CHANGE WAS OBSERVED WITH ETHANOL
& TERT-BUTANOL. BUTANOL & ISOBUTANOL HAD THE LOWEST RATE OF URINARY
EXCRETION. ACETALDEHYDE AND ACETIC ACID WERE DETECTED AS THE URINARY METABOLITES
OF ETHANOL AND PROPANOL, WHEREAS ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE & ISOVALERIC ACID WERE THE
METABOLITES OF ISOBUTANOL.
The hydroxylation of isobutane led to the production of both t-butyl alcohol
and isobutyl alcohol by resting cell suspensions of methane grown Methylosinus
trichorsporium, at an optimum pH of 6-7, and an optimum temperature of 40 deg C.
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
TERTIARY ALCOHOL ... AT LEAST IN PART ... ARE EXCRETED IN URINE AS
GLUCURONIDES. /ALCOHOLS, HIGHER/
... AFTER ADMIN TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL ORALLY
TO RATS @ 2 G/KG ... THERE WAS RAPID ABSORPTION INTO BLOOD; 0.98% WAS EXCRETED
IN URINE. AFTER IP ADMIN IN RATS @ 0.84 G/KG, EXPONENTIAL ELIMINATION FROM BLOOD
OCCURRED, BUT MORE SLOWLY THAN THAT OF OTHER ALIPHATIC ALC; BLOOD HALF-LIFE WAS
13 HR.
Low molecular weight alcohols are absorbed through the skin. /Low molecular
weight alcohols/
Based on the relatively low octanol/water partition coefficient and the fact
that 2-methylpropanol-2 does not bioaccumulate, distribution ... over total body
water is expected. 2-Methylpropanol-2 has been detected in mother's milk.
Biological Half-Life:
AFTER IP ADMIN IN RATS @ 0.84 G/KG, EXPONENTIAL ELIMINATION FROM BLOOD
OCCURRED, BUT MORE SLOWLY THAN THAT OF OTHER ALIPHATIC ALC; BLOOD HALF-LIFE WAS
13 HR.
Mechanism of Action:
In the rat brain cortex slices, 2-methylpropanol-2 decr the response to
electrical stimulation & reduced sodium influx, while the potassium efflux
was hardly affected.
Interactions:
... Ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol ... exert
a ... potentiating effect on the acute inhalation toxicity of carbon
tetrachloride. ... Interaction between isopropanol & carbon tetrachloride
was documented in an industrial accident ... where workers exposed to both
agents exhibited hepatotoxicity. With ethanol the potentiation seems to be due
to the presence of the unmetabolized alcohol; however, with isopropanol the
effect seems to be caused by the presence of both unmetabolized alcohol and
acetone. The results obtained with n-butanol resemble those of ethanol, whereas
with 2-butanol they resemble those of isopropanol ... .
MICE TREATED WITH INITIATING DOSE OF 4-NITROQUINOLINE-1-OXIDE WERE EXAMINED
AFTER 270 APPLICATIONS OF T-BUTANOL, & NO INCR IN CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY WAS
FOUND.
TERT-BUTANOL INHIBITED N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE METABOLISM IN ISOLATED PERFUSED
RAT LIVER.
Pharmacology:
Interactions:
... Ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol ... exert
a ... potentiating effect on the acute inhalation toxicity of carbon
tetrachloride. ... Interaction between isopropanol & carbon tetrachloride
was documented in an industrial accident ... where workers exposed to both
agents exhibited hepatotoxicity. With ethanol the potentiation seems to be due
to the presence of the unmetabolized alcohol; however, with isopropanol the
effect seems to be caused by the presence of both unmetabolized alcohol and
acetone. The results obtained with n-butanol resemble those of ethanol, whereas
with 2-butanol they resemble those of isopropanol ... .
MICE TREATED WITH INITIATING DOSE OF 4-NITROQUINOLINE-1-OXIDE WERE EXAMINED
AFTER 270 APPLICATIONS OF T-BUTANOL, & NO INCR IN CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY WAS
FOUND.
TERT-BUTANOL INHIBITED N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE METABOLISM IN ISOLATED PERFUSED
RAT LIVER.
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
t-Butyl alcohol's production and use as a denaturant for ethanol, in the
manufacture of flotation agents, flavors and perfumes, as a solvent, as an
octane booster in gasoline as well as its use as a dehydrating agent and in the
manufacture of methyl methacrylate may result in its direct release to the
environment through various waste streams. t-Butyl alcohol is also a likely
degradation product of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and has been detected in
MTBE contaminated wells. If released to air a vapor pressure of 40.7 mm Hg at 25
deg C indicates t-butyl alcohol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient
atmosphere. Vapor-phase t-butyl alcohol will be degraded in the atmosphere by
reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this
reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days. If released to soil, t-butyl alcohol
is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 37.
Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate
process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.05X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. t-Butyl
alcohol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure.
Screening tests using sewage or activated sludge inoculum have shown that
t-butyl alcohol degrades slower than primary or secondary alcohols. The
half-life of t-butyl alcohol under anoxic conditions in a non-amended soil was
about 200 days, but the half-lives in the same soil amended with nitrate and
sulfate nutrients were 100 and 50 days, respectively. If released into water,
t-butyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in
water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is
expected to be an important environmental fate process based upon this
compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model
river and model lake are 2 and 29 days, respectively. The biodegradation
half-life of t-butyl alcohol was reported to range from about 28 to 180 days in
aerobic water and 100 to 500 days in anaerobic water. BCF values of less than 5
measured in fish suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.
Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since
this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental
conditions. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal
contact with this compound at workplaces where t-butyl alcohol is produced or
used. The general population may be exposed to t-butyl alcohol through the
ingestion of drinking water and foods that contain this compound. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Ingestion, inhalation, skin, and eye contact.
The following list includes some common operations in which exposure to tert-butyl
alcohol may occur ... . Liberation during vapor application of
lacquer surface coatings, during use of industrial cleaning cmpd; use as a
chemical intermediate in manufacture of tert-butyl chloride and tert-butyl
phenol; liberation during mixing of perfumes, lacquers, and denatured alcohol in
open-surface tanks; use as a solvent for drug extraction, water removal, wax
solvent, extraction of hypochlorous acid lube oil, and laboratory procedures.
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-83) has statistically estimated that 149,918 workers
(15,519 of these are female) are potentially exposed to t-butyl alcohol in the
US(1). Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact
with this compound at workplaces where t-butyl alcohol is produced or used(SRC).
T-butyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in the air of printing, painting
and car repair shops in Belgium from 1983-1986(2). The general population may be
exposed to t-butyl alcohol through the ingestion of drinking water and foods
that contain this compound(SRC).
Body Burden:
t-Butyl alcohol was identified, but not quantified, in mother's milk(1,2).
Artificial Pollution Sources:
t-Butyl alcohol's production and use as a denaturant for ethanol, in the
manufacture of flotation agents, flavors and perfumes, as a solvent, as an
octane booster in gasoline(1) as well as its use as a dehydrating agent and in
the manufacture of methyl methacrylate(2) may result in its direct release to
the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
t-Butyl alcohol is a likely degradation product of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
and has been detected in MTBE contaminated wells(1).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value
of 37(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.35(2) and a regression-derived
equation(3), indicates that t-butyl alcohol is expected to have very high
mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of t-butyl alcohol from moist soil
surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law
constant of 9.05X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of
t-butyl alcohol from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon a vapor pressure of
40.7 mm Hg(5). Biodegradation is expected to occur at a slower rate for t-butyl
alcohol than for primary or secondary alcohols(SRC). While sec-butyl alcohol, n-butanol
and isobutanol achieved 85%, 66% and 63% of their theoretical BODs using a
sewage sludge inoculum during a 5 day incubation period(6), t-butyl alcohol only
achieved about 1% of its theoretical BOD during the same time period(6). The
half-life of t-butyl alcohol under anoxic conditions in a non-amended soil was
about 200 days, but the half-lives in the same soil amended with nitrate and
sulfate nutrients were 100 and 50 days, respectively(7).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of
37(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.35(2) and a regression-derived
equation(3), indicates that t-butyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to
suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces
is expected to be an important fate process(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant
of 9.05X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation
method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and
29, days respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values
of less than 5 measured in carp exposed to t-butyl alcohol for 6 weeks(6),
suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The biodegradation
half-life of t-butyl alcohol was reported to range from about 28 to 180 days in
aerobic water and 100 to 500 days in anaerobic water(7).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of
semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), t-butyl alcohol, which has
a vapor pressure of 40.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist solely as a
vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase t-butyl alcohol is degraded in the
atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC). The
half-life for the reaction in air with hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 14
days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.12X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at
25 deg C(3).
Environmental Biodegradation:
... Adapted acitvated sludge product as sole carbon source: 98.5% COD removal
at 30.0 mg COD/g dry inoculum/hr; slight inhibition of microbial growth after 24
hr exposure at 100 ppm
t-Butyl alcohol, present at 100 mg/l, achieved 2.5% of its theoretical BOD in
2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI
test(1). The biodegradation half-life of t-butyl alcohol was reported to range
from about 28 to 180 days in aerobic water and 100 to 500 days in anaerobic
water(2). t-Butyl alcohol reached 1% of its theoretical BOD using a sewage
sludge during a 5 day incubation period(3). Using a river die-away test, t-butyl
alcohol achieved 4% of its theoretical BOD in 12 days(4). t-Butyl alcohol,
present at 50 mg/l, achieved 7% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an
activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(5).
Approximately 96% dissolved organic carbon was removed over a 6 day incubation
period using the Zahn-Wellens test, meant to simulate degradation at an
industrial sewage treatment plant(5). The half-life of t-butyl alcohol under
anoxic conditions in a non-amended soil was about 200 days, but the half-lives
in the same soil amended with nitrate and sulfate nutrients were 100 and 50
days, respectively(6).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of t-butyl alcohol with
photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.12X10-12 cu
cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of
about 14 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu
cm(1). t-Butyl alcohol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment
due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze
due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
BCF values of less than 5 were reported for carp exposed to 6 ug/l of t-butyl
alcohol during a 6 week incubation period(1). According to a classification
scheme(2), BCF values in this range suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic
organisms is low(SRC).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of t-butyl alcohol is estimated as 37(SRC), using a log Kow of
0.35(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification
scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that t-butyl alcohol is expected to
have very high mobility in soil(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for t-butyl alcohol is 9.05X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1).
This Henry's Law constant indicates that t-butyl alcohol is expected to
volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the
volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind
velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 days(SRC). The volatilization
half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5
m/sec)(2) is estimated as 29 days(SRC). t-Butyl alcohol's Henry's Law
constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC).
The potential for volatilization of t-butyl alcohol from dry soil surfaces may
exist based upon a vapor pressure of 40.7 mm Hg(3).
Environmental Water Concentrations:
DRINKING WATER: t-Butyl alcohol was identified, but not quantified in
drinking water samples from at least one of the following cities: Cincinnati,
OH, Miami, FL, Ottumwa, IA, Philadelphia, PA, and Seattle, WA(1). t-Butyl
alcohol was detected in methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) contaminated wells in the
US (1993-1998) at concns of 5.5-397 ug/l(2). t-Butyl alcohol was identified, but
not quantified in drinking water samples from unspecified locations in the
US(3). t-Butyl alcohol was identified, but not quantified in drinking water
samples from New Orleans, LA(4).
Effluent Concentrations:
t-Butyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in the volatile emissions of
common garden waste(1) and a hazardous waste incinerator in Germany(2).
Atmospheric Concentrations:
t-Butyl alcohol was detected in the air of Tucson, AZ at a mean concn of 3.7
ppb (February-September, 1982) but was not detected at two rural sites 40 km
away (August-September, 1982)(1).
Food Survey Values:
t-Butyl alcohol was identified, not quantified, in beer(1) and chickpeas(2).
Milk Concentrations:
t-Butyl alcohol was identified, but not quantified, in mother's milk(1,2).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Unless designated as an active ingredient /as determined by EPA/, this
substance, when used in antimicrobial products as a solvent or cosolvent, is
considered inert, having no independent pesticidal activity. The percentage of
such an ingredient shall be included on the label in the total percentage of
inert ingredients.
TSCA Requirements:
Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety
Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers,
importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit
to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. tert-Butyl
alcohol is included on this list.
Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to
report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, use, and
exposure to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329.
Atmospheric Standards:
This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly
constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best
demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC,
considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy
requirements. t-Butyl alcohol is produced, as an intermediate or a final
product, by process units covered under this subpart.
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(MI) MICHIGAN 550 ug/l
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C4-H10-O
Molecular Weight:
74.12
Color/Form:
A COLORLESS LIQUID, WHICH FORMS RHOMBIC CRYSTALS MELTING @ 25 TO 25.5 DEG C
Crystals
Colorless liquid or solid (above 78 degrees F) [Note: Often used in aqueous
solutions].
Odor:
Camphor-like odor
Boiling Point:
82.41 deg C
Melting Point:
25.7 deg C
Density/Specific Gravity:
0.78581 (20 deg C/4 deg C)
Dissociation Constants:
pKa= 19.20
Heat of Vaporization:
39.07 kJ/mol
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 0.35
Solubilities:
MISCIBLE IN ESTERS, AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
In water, 1X10+6 mg/l @ 25 deg C
Spectral Properties:
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.38468 @ 20 DEG C/D; 1.38231 @ 25 DEG C/D
Vapor Density:
2.55 (Air=1)
Vapor Pressure:
40.7 mm Hg @ 25 deg C
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
VOLATILE
Henry's Law constant = 9.05X10-6 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 deg C
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.12X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec @ 25
deg C
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Fire or explosion: Highly flammable: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks
or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to
source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will
spread along ground and collect in low confined areas (sewers, basements,
tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Some may
polymerize (P) explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer
may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many
liquids are lighter than water.
Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire
will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause
dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause
pollution.
Public safety: Call Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or
leak area immediately for at least 50 to lOO meters (160 to 330 feet) in all
directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low
areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide
limited protection.
Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least
300 meters (1000 feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a
fire, isolate for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider
initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Fire: Caution: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water
spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2,
water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to
control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane. Large fires: Water spray,
fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use straight streams. Move containers from
fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer
loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor
nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire
is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices
or discoloration of tank. Always stay away from the ends of tanks. For massive
fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible,
withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Spill or leak: Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or
flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be
grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do
it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined
areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover
with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to
containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large
spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may
reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply
artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if
breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In
case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running
water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm
and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to
substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the
material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
Odor Threshold:
Odor threshold 219 mg/cu m (odor low) 219 mg/cu m (odor high)
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Vapor: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat; ... Liquid: Irritating to the
eyes.
On the human skin, no reaction other than slight erythma and hyperemia
followed the contact with ... /tert-butyl alcohol/.
Fire Potential:
DANGEROUS FIRE HAZARD WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME.
Ignites on contact with potassium sodium alloys.
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 1. 1= Materials that, on exposure, would cause irritation, but only
minor residual injury, including those requiring the use of an approved
air-purifying respirator. These materials are only slightly hazardous to health
and only breathing protection is needed.
Flammability: 3. 3= This degree includes Class IB and IC flammable liquids
and materials that can be easily ignited under almost all normal temperature
conditions. Water may be ineffective in controlling or extinguishing fires in
such materials.
Reactivity: 0. 0= This degree includes materials that are normally stable,
even under fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal
fire fighting procedures may be used.
Flammable Limits:
Lower flammable limit: 2.4% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 8.0% by volume
Flash Point:
52 deg F (11 deg C) (Closed cup)
Autoignition Temperature:
AIR: 892 DEG F; OXYGEN: 860 DEG F
Fire Fighting Procedures:
To fight fire, use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.
Firefighting Hazards:
Flashback along vapor trail may occur.
Explosive Limits & Potential:
Vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed area.
Upper, 8.0% (v/v); lower, 2.35% (v/v) by volume in air
Moderately explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to flame.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Incompatible with oxidizing materials, H2O2.
PREPN OF DI TERTIARY BUTYL PEROXIDE BY ADDN OF TERTIARY BUTYL ALCOHOL TO MIXT
OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE & SULFURIC ACID (2 TO 1 WT RATIO OF 78% SULFURIC ACID
TO 50% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE) HAS RESULTED IN SEVERE EXPLOSIONS PARTICULARLY DURING
EARLY STAGES OF LARGE BATCHES.
Contact of a potassium sodium alloy with tert-butanol caused ignition.
Strong mineral acids can cause decomposition to flammable isobutylene gas.
Strong mineral acids, strong hydrochloric acid, oxidizers.
... Reacts with strong hydrochloric acid to form tert-butyl chloride, a
volatile liquid.
Ignites on contact with potassium sodium alloys.
Hazardous Decomposition:
Toxic gases & vapors (e.g., carbon monoxide & isobutylene) may be
released in a fire involving tert-butyl alcohol.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
1600 ppm
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are
those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration
(formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. ... Employees should be provided
with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight inch
minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent
repeated or prolonged skin contact with liquid tert-butyl
alcohol. ... Employees should be provided with and required to
use splash proof safety goggles where liquid tert-butyl
alcohol may contact the eyes.
Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 1600 ppm.
Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow
mode. Eye protection needed. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic
vapor cartridge(s). Eye protection needed. Any chemical cartridge respirator
with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s). Any air-purifying, full-facepiece
respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor
canister. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any
supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned
entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any
self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in
a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator
that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly
occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece
respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor
canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Preventive Measures:
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend
not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the
substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye
protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be
individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the
wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases,
contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection
equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
THE BASIC VENTILATION METHODS ARE LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION AND DILUTION OR
GENERAL VENTILATION.
... SUBSTITUTION OF LESS IRRITATING SUBSTANCES ... REDESIGN OF OPERATIONS ...
PREVENT CONTACT, PROVISION OF PHYSICAL BARRIER AGAINST CONTACT, PROPER WASHING
FACILITIES, WORK CLOTHING AND STORAGE FACILITIES, PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, AND
BARRIER CREAMS. MEDICAL CONTROL ... .
Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not
technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed,
or when they fail and need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for
operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency
situations. ... Clothing wet with liquid tert-butyl
alcohol should be placed in closed containers for storage until
it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of tert-butyl
alcohol from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or
otherwise cleaned to remove the tert-butyl alcohol, the
person performing the operation should be informed of tert-butyl
alcohol's hazardous properties. Any clothing which becomes wet
with liquid tert-butyl alcohol should
be removed immediately and not reworn until the tert-butyl
alcohol is removed from the clothing.
Skin that becomes wet with liquid tert-butyl
alcohol should be promptly washed or showered to remove any of
the material.
Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless
wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which
may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
Employees who handle liquid isobutyl alcohol should wash their hands before
eating or smoking. /Isobutyl alcohol/
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its
flammability hazard.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner
so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or
clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the
cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective
clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not
be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for
cleaning.
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an
incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in
the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of
generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel
exposure to airborne contaminants.
Stability/Shelf Life:
Heat /contributes to instability/
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for
transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ...
and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked,
labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the
hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods
Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA
Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations
to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous
materials.
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles
for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual
substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the
classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has
also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to
locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or
article.
Cleanup Methods:
1. REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3. FOR
SMALL QUANTITIES ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS. EVAPORATE IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME
HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO ... CLEAR HOOD DUCTWORK.
BURN PAPER IN SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. LARGE
QUANTITIES CAN BE COLLECTED AND ATOMIZED IN A SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.
Waste water treatments: Activated Charcoal: adsorbability: 0.059 g/g C; 29.5%
reduction, influent: 1000 mg/l, effluent: 705 mg/l.
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to
implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult
with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices.
1. ABSORBING IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH OR SIMILAR MATERIAL &
DISPOSING IN SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL. 2. ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION
CHAMBER.
/t-Butyl alcohol/ is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be
subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. /Butanols, from
table/
Incineration & landfill: Incinerate waste by atomizing into a suitable
combustion chamber. Bury absorbed waste in an approved landfill.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 100 ppm (300
mg/cu m).
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/cu m); STEL 150 ppm (450 mg/cu m)
is still enforced in some states.
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time-weighted avg (TWA) 100 ppm
A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen.
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may
exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work
day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA,
provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 100 ppm (300 mg/cu m).
Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term Exposure Limit: 150 ppm (450
mg/cu m).
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
1600 ppm
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
Australia: 100 ppm, STEL 150 ppm; Federal Republic of Germany: 100 ppm,
short-term level 200 ppm, 30 min, 4 times per shift; Sweden: 50 ppm, short-term
value 75 ppm, 15 min, skin; United Kingdom: 100 ppm, 10 min STEL 150 ppm.
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
For T-butyl alcohol (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 001505) there are 0 labels
match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide
uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be
consulted for currently approved uses./
IT IS USED FOR THE REMOVAL OF WATER FROM SUBSTANCES
In the manufacture of flotation agents, flavors, as solvent, in paint
removers, octane booster in gasoline
USED IN FRUIT ESSENCES, PLASTICS, AND LACQUERS
INT FOR OIL SOLUBLE POLYESTER RESINS, FOR ISOBUTYLENE, TERT-BUTYL CHLORIDE,
TERT-BUTYLPHENOL, & ARTIFICIAL MUSK, COMPONENT OF INDUSTRIAL CLEANING CMPD
Solvent for pharmaceuticals; in the manufacture of methyl methacrylate.
... A denaturant for ethanol ... .
Manufacturers:
Lyondell Chemical Corp., 1221 McKinney St., Suite 700, Houston, TX 77010,
(713) 652-7200; Production site: Bayport, TX 77062
Huntsman Corporation, 3040 Post Oak Blvd., Houston, TX 77056, (713) 235-6000;
Production site: Port Neches, TX 77651
Methods of Manufacturing:
Hydration, in the presence of sulfuric acid, of 1-butene and isobutylene,
leads to the production of 2-butanol and tert-butyl
alcohol. tert-Butanol is also produced as a by-product from the
isobutane oxidation process for manufacture of propylene oxide.
... /tert-Butyl alcohol/ was
manufactured by the hydrolysis of the sulfuric acid extract obtained during the
separation of pure isobutylene from mixed butane-butylene streams.
Prepd from acetyl chloride and dimethylzinc: Butlerow, Ann 144, 1 (1867).
Manufacture by catalytic hydration of isobutylene: Kreps, Nachod, US patent
2,477,380 (1949 to Atlantic Refining); Serniuk, Vanderbilt, US patent 2,534,304
(1950 to Std Oil) by reduction of tert-butyl hydroperoxide: Lorand, US patent
2,484,841 (1949 to Hercules Powder); de Long, US patent 2,853,532 (1958 to
Shell).
The decomposition of 2-t-butyl-peroxy-2-methyl-propionic acid, when treated
with triethylamine in chlorobenzene, yields t-butyl alcohol, acetone, and carbon
dioxide.
U. S. Production:
(1984) LESS THAN 8.52X10+11 g
U. S. Imports:
(1972) NEGLIGIBLE
(1984) LESS THAN 3.69X10+8 g
U. S. Exports:
(1972) NEGLIGIBLE
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
TERT-BUTANOL CAN BE SEPARATED FROM BIOLOGICAL LIQ AFTER INJECTION ONTO PACKED
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC COLUMNS ... SEPARATED VOLATILE COMPONENT MAY BE IDENTIFIED
BY ITS GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION TIME & QUANTITATED BY MEANS OF GAS
CHROMATOGRAPH DETECTOR RESPONSE. TERT-BUTANOL HAS A RELATIVE RETENTION TIME OF
1.40 MIN (ETHANOL= 1.9 MIN).
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
NIOSH Method 1401. Determination of Alcohols by Gas Chromatography, Using a
Flame Ionization Detector. Detection limit 1 mg/cu m.
Ceric ammonium nitrate can be used as a colorimetric reagent for the precise
determination of various alcohols, including t-butyl alcohol, in dilute aqueous
solutions. This method is particularly good when determination is needed in
certain glycol ethers.
SRP: A calculation method for the identification of indoor air pollutants
analyzed by gas chromatography is described. It is based on correlation between
the retention and the molecular properties of a substance.
OSW Method 8260B. Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry (GC/MS): Capillary Column Technique. No detection limit.
OSW Method 8015B. Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID. No detection limit.
Special References:
Special Reports:
Brusewitz S, Wennberg A; Criteria Document for Setting Exposure Limits for
Butanol and Butyl Acetate. Arbetarskyddsstryelsen, Publikationsservice, 45 pp.
(1984). Contents of this critical literature survey include: uses; activities
involving exposure to the title substances; toxicology (metabolic models of
isobutanol isomers and butyl acetate), toxicological mechanisms, effects on
various organs (in particular the central nervous system), reproductive effects;
allergies; genotoxic effects; carcinogenic effects; exposure indicators;
dose-effect relations; definitions.
Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of t-Butyl Alcohol in F344/N Rats and
B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking water Studies). Technical Report Series No. 436 (1995)
NTIS Publication No. PB96-162748 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
ALCOOL BUTYLIQUE TERTIAIRE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
T-BUTANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
TERT-BUTANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTANOL TERTIAIRE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
T-BUTYL HYDROXIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
1,1-DIMETHYLETHANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Pesticide Code: 001505
**PEER REVIEWED**
METHANOL, TRIMETHYL-
**PEER REVIEWED**
2-METHYLPROPANOL-2
**PEER REVIEWED**
NCI-C55367
**PEER REVIEWED**
TERTIARY BUTANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
TRIMETHYL CARBINOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
TRIMETHYLMETHANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1120; tert-Butanol
IMO 3.2; tert-Butanol
Standard Transportation Number:
49 091 30; tert-Butyl alcohol
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/EO1925000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 50
Last Revision Date: 20020213
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 5/10/2001
Update History:
Complete Update on 02/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/10/2001, 67 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/10/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1998, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/24/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/12/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/15/1996, 9 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/19/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/13/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/23/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/29/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/20/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/10/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/04/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/03/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/26/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/13/1990, 34 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 73 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 10/16/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 10/13/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/10/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 07/06/1988, 1 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 07/06/1988, 1 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 07/05/1988, 1 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/05/1988, 97 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/04/1985
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tert-Butyl
Alcohol
... tert-Butyl Alcohol. ... hazards,
placement of workers in jobs that do not jeopardize
their safety or health, early detection of adverse health effects
...
http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/tertbutylalcohol/
More Results From: www.osha-slc.gov
BUTYL
ALCOHOL-tert
... CAS No Percent Hazardous -----
tert-Butyl Alcohol 75 ... Potential Health Effects
...
http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/b6304.htm
More Results From: www.jtbaker.com
METHYL
TERT -BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) (PDF)
... logical Profile for Methyl tert -Butyl ... and
kidney damage, and nervous system effects ... The
Department of Health and Human ... and its breakdown product,
butyl alcohol ...
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts91.pdf
More Results From: www.atsdr.cdc.gov
Eco-USA:
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
... kidney damage, and nervous system effects. ... The
Department of Health and Human ... and its
breakdown product, butyl alcohol ... from Toxicological Profile
for Methyl tert ...
http://www.eco-usa.net/toxics/mtbe.shtml
http://paranoia.lycaeum.org/alcohol/tert-Butyl-Alcohol
... INFORMATION Acute Health Effects The following acute
(short term) health effects
may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to tert-Butyl Alcohol:
* ...
http://paranoia.lycaeum.org/alcohol/tert-Butyl-Alcohol
More Results From: paranoia.lycaeum.org
Chemical
Fact Sheets--Methyl Tert-butyl Ether (MTBE)
... as: Methyl t-butyl ether, Tert-butyl ... MTBE
and its breakdown product, "butyl alcohol ... liver
to track the long-term health ... complete listing of all possible
effects ...
http://www.dhfs.state.wi.us/eh/ChemFS/fs/MTBE.htm
More Results From: www.dhfs.state.wi.us
CHEMICAL
REFERENCE FOR TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL
TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL CAS #75-65-0. Chemical Synonyms: ...
The Environmental Defense Fund's
Chemical Scorecard summarizes information about health effects ...
http://www.epa.gov/envirofw/html/emci/chemref/75650.html
More Results From: www.epa.gov
USGS:
Environmental Behavior and Fate of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether ...
... 1997, Drinking water advisory--Consumer acceptability advice and health
effects ... the
fuel additives methyl tert-butyl ether and tert-butyl
alcohol ...
http://water.wr.usgs.gov/mtbe/fs20396/ref.html
2000
Progress Report - USING A PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED ...
... Acute exposure to low-level methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE):
Human reactions and ... Health
Effects ... t-butyl ethers, t-amyl methyl ether, and t-butyl alcohol
...
http://es.epa.gov/ncer/fellow/progress/97/collinsli00.html
More Results From: es.epa.gov
Methyl
tert-Butyl Ether (Vol73)
... tert-butyl alcohol, its sulfate and glucuronide
conjugates, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol
and 2-hydroxyisobutyrate. No significant acute effects on human health
...
http://193.51.164.11/htdocs/monographs/Vol73/73-13.html
RTK
HSFS 1787 (PDF)
... Page 4. tert-BUTYL ALCOHOL page 4 of 6 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS Q: If I have acute
health effects, will I later get chronic health effects?
A: Not always. ...
http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/1787.pdf
More Results From: www.state.nj.us
Matheson
Tri-Gas MSDS Tert-Butyl Mercaptan
... INHALATION: If adverse effects occur, remove ...
Dangerous to Life or Health ... Not available
SOLVENT SOLUBILITY: Soluble: alcohol ... TERT-BUTYL
MERCAPTAN: IRRITATION DATA ...
http://www.matheson-trigas.com/msds/TertButylMercaptan.htm
More Results From: www.matheson-trigas.com
Background
Material: 1996-06 Toxic Air Contaminant Identification ... (PDF)
... this evaluation include carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health
effects ... Copper compounds
sec-Butyl alcohol ... Terephthalic acid Decabromodiphenyl oxide tert
...
http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/appendxa.pdf
More Results From: www.arb.ca.gov
Enhancement
of Fuel Oxygenate (MTBE) Biodegradation Potential in ...
... Although human health effects are still being evaluated
... widespread use of MTBE and
its potential health ... can biodegrade MTBE as well as tert-butyl
alcohol ...
http://water.usgs.gov/wrri/98grants/MontantaEnhancement.htm
More Results From: water.usgs.gov
TenQ&AVersion#3
(PDF)
... ETBE = ethyl tertiary-butyl ether TBA = tertiary-butyl alcohol
... Potential Health Effects
of ... Biodegradation of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether by Pure
Bacterial ...
http://www.api.org/ehs/bulletin3-1-1.pdf
More Results From: www.api.org
Methyl
Tert Butyl Ether
... It is soluble in alcohol and ether. ... Identification:
Chemical Name: Methyl Tert Butyl
Ether; Regulatory Name: Methyl Tert Butyl Ether; Formula ...
Health effects ...
http://www.nsc.org/library/chemical/mtbe.htm
More Results From: www.nsc.org
everitt
... Dr. Everitt's laboratory is to elucidate the health ...
The laboratory studies the effects
of nephrocarcinogens ... and dosimetry of inhaled tert-butyl
alcohol ...
http://www.ciit.org/Researchers/everitt
More Results From: www.ciit.org
tuvwz
... Based on its vapor pressure, tert-butyl alcohol
will exist ... Exposure to moderate amounts
of trichloroethylene may cause various health effects such ...
http://www.shsu.edu/~chemistry/Glossary/tuvwz.html
Attachment
1 Health Effects of Exposure to Methyl Tertiary Butyl ... (PDF)
... Formaldehyde and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), both primary ...
of this report on the
human health effects of ... studies on the carcinogenicity
of methyl tert ...
http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/pdf/mtbeta1.pdf
More Results From: www.oehha.ca.gov
http://ntp-db.niehs.nih.gov/NTP_Reports/NTP_Chem_H&S/NTP_Chem7/Radian75-65-0.txt
... cyt-smc 50 mmol/tube | *TERATOGENICITY: Reproductive Effects
Data: TDLo ... Arthur D.
Little, Inc. Health and Safety Package for tert-Butyl alcohol.
...
http://ntp-db.niehs.nih.gov/NTP_Reports/NTP_Chem_H&S/NTP_Chem7/Radian75-65-0.txt
Great Lakes Chemical Corporation and the Pathfinders Camp