SULFURIC ACID
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~AAATKaqsb:14
SULFURIC ACID
Human Health Effects:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence that occupational exposure to
strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid is carcinogenic. Overall
evaluation: Occupational exposure to strong-inorganic-acid mists is carcinogenic
to humans (Group 1).
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
SULFURIC ACID ... ATTACKS ENAMEL OF TEETH.
... /Authors/ reported results of inhalation exposure of normal, unacclimated
human subjects to sulfuric acid mist. The concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 5
mg/cu m and the duration of exposure ranged from 5 to 15 minutes. Concentrations
below 1 mg/cu m could not be detected by odor, taste, or irritation. For two
subjects, the threshold was 1 mg/cu m, a concentration of 3 mg/cu m was noticed
by all, and 5 mg/cu m was considered very objectionable to some but less so to
others. A deep breath at the last concentration usually produced coughing.
Healthy male volunteers were exposed by mask to 10 N acid mist concn ranging
from 3 to 39 mg/cu m (1 um median diameter) at 62% relative humidity. The
subjects were also exposed in chamber to 4 N acid mist of from 11.5 to 38 mg/cu
m (1.5 um median diameter) at 91% relative humidity. Mask exposures were of 10
minutes duration and chamber exposures were up to 60 minutes in duration. In
general, the sulfuric acid was much more irritating at higher humidity. The
irritant effect of 20.8 mg sulfuric acid/cu m at high humidity (and large
particle size) was greater than that of 39.4 mg sulfuric acid/cu m at lower
humidity (and smaller particle size). Under the conditions of high humidity,
increases in airway resistance of from 43 to 150% above preexposure levels were
measured and increases under the lower humidity conditions (62%) ranged from
35.5 to 100%.
10 human subjects were exposed to low concn of sulfuric acid aerosol to
determine the subjective threshold for irritation and other low level effects.
The mean minimum concn was 0.72 mg/cu m (range, 0.6 to 0.85 mg/cu m) to which
the 10 subjects, averaging 33 tests per subject, detected minimal effects of
throat tickling and scratching. At 1.1 to 2.1 mg/cu m, all subjects noticed
considerable irritation at the base of the esophagus and 40% of the subjects
noticed irritation of the eyes. At 2.4 to 6.0 mg/cu m, all subjects experienced
acute irritation of the mucous membranes and a pronounced reflex cough. All
individuals experienced eye irritation at this exposure level. Pneumographic
studies were performed on three of the subjects exposed to 0.6 to 2.0 mg/cu m.
No respiratory changes were elicited by exposures to less than 1.0 mg/cu m.
Slight changes in respiration occurred at levels of 1.0 to 1.1 mg/cu m and concn
of 1.8 to 2.0 mg/cu m produced changes in respiratory amplitude and rhythm in
all subjects. The particle size of the mists and the ambient humidity were not
given.
Ten patients with sulfuric acid ingestion were studied. The extent and
severity of upper gastrointestinal tract injury was determined by fiberoptic
endoscopy and necropsy. All patients had esophageal and gastric involvement but
the duodenum was spared in the majority. Complications and mortality occurred in
patients with severe injury.
Two hundred and twenty-five workers in five lead acid battery plants were
admin a questionnaire containing work-related symptoms, underwent spirometry,
and had personal samples for sulfuric acid taken over the shift. Most personal
samples were less than 1 mg/cu m sulfuric acid. Mass median aerodynamic diameter
of sulfuric acid from area samples in the formation areas was 2.6-10 microns. In
acclimated workers, there is no evidence of acute symptoms or reductions in
pulmonary function over the shift at concn less than 1 mg/cu m.
To determine the extent that submicrometer sulfuric acid aerosol affects
clearance from the more distal ciliated airways, the clearance of a monodisperse
4.2-um MMAD ferric oxide aerosol in 8 healthy nonsmoking subjects was
investigated. A greater fraction of the 4.2 um particles deposited in distal
conductive airways. Bronchial mucociliary clearance was slower following 1 hr
nasal sulfuric acid inhalations at 100, 300, and 1000 ug/cu m than after sham
exposures, while mucociliary transport rates within the trachea and indexes of
respiratory mechanics were unchanged. A comparison of the effects of 1 hr
exposures at 100 ug/cu m on the clearance of 7.6 and 4.2 um particles suggests a
greater physiological response in distal ciliated airways than in larger central
airways.
SYMPTOMATOLOGY (after ingestion or skin contact): 1) Corrosion of mucous
membranes of mouth, throat, and esophagus, with immediate pain and dysphagia.
The necrotic areas are at first grayish white but soon acquire a blackish
discoloration and sometimes a shrunken or wrinkled texture; the process is
described as a "coagulation necrosis." 2) Epigastric pain, which may
be associated with nausea and the vomiting of mucoid and
"coffee-ground" material. At times, gastric hemorrhage may be intense,
and the vomitus then contains fresh blood. Profound thrist. 3) Ulceration of all
membranes and tissues with which the acid comes in contact. ... /Acids/
SYMPTOMATOLOGY (after ingestion or skin contact): 4) Circulatory collapse
with clammy skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow respirations, and scanty urine.
Circulatory shock is often the immediate cause of death. 5) Asphyxial death due
to glottic edema. 6) Late esophageal, gastric and pyloric strictures and
stenoses, which may require major surgical repair, should be anticipated. Signs
of obstruction commonly appear within a few weeks but may be delayed for months
and even years. Permanent scars may also appear in the cornea, skin and
oropharynx. 7) Uncorrected circulatory collapse of several hours' duration may
lead to renal failure and ischemic lesions in the liver and heart. /Acids/
INHALATION OF CONCN VAPOR MAY CAUSE SERIOUS LUNG DAMAGE. CONTACT WITH EYES
MAY RESULT IN TOTAL LOSS OF VISION; SKIN CONTACT MAY PRODUCE SEVERE NECROSIS.
There is some evidence that acclimatization to the subjective effects of
inhalation of sulfuric acid mist may occur in many persons who are
occupationally exposed, to the extent that they may be able to tolerate 3 or 4
times the exposure levels which are intolerable to the unacclimated.
The effects of long-term exposure to sulfuric acid mist on the teeth and
respiratory system were studied in 248 workers in five plants manufacturing lead
acid batteries. The prevalence of cough, phlegm, dyspnea, and wheezing as
determined by questionnaire was not associated with estimates of cumulative acid
exposure. There was only one case of irregular opacities seen on the chest
radiographs. There was no statistically significant association of reduced 1
second forced expiratory volume peak flow, forced expiratory flow50 (FEF50), and
forced expiratory flow75 (FEF75) with acid exposure although the higher exposed
group had lower mean values. FVC in the high exposure group showed a
statistically significant reduction compared to the low exposure group, but
there was no significant association when exposure was analyzed as a continuous
variable. The ratio of observed to expected prevalence of teeth etching and
erosion was about four times greater in the high acid-exposure group. The
earliest case of etching occurred after 4 months exposure to an estimated
average exposure of 0.23 mg/cu m sulfuric acid.
The occupational exposure limit for sulfuric acid aerosol in the USA is 1
mg/cu m, with no restriction as to droplet size. A review of the literature
shows that there are two different responses to inhaled sulfuric acid which need
to be considered in the selection of a threshold limit value (TLV) or other
occupational exposure limit. One is a reflex bronchoconstriction caused by the
deposition of droplets in the larger lung airways. The other is the development
and progression of chronic bronchitis caused by repeated daily exposures to
droplets depositing in the central and more distal conductive airways of the
lung. Since the target region for both effects is the tracheobronchial tree, a
particle size-selective TLV should be expressed in terms of thoracic particulate
mass. The mass concentration limit for thoracic particulate mass should be much
lower than the current TLV. A thoracic particulate mass of 100 ug/m cu m should
protect nearly all workers from adverse effects.
The pulmonary sensitivity of normal and asthmatic subjects to ammonium
sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, and sulfuric acid were reviewed and compared.
Normal subjects performing moderate exercise in an environmental chamber were
exposed to 100 and 450 ug/cu m sulfuric acid for 4 hours. Carbachol was
administered by inhalation following the 4 hour exposure and 24 hours later.
Mild throat irritation and enhanced carbachol induced bronchoconstriction
occurred at 24 hours post exposure at the 450 ug/cu m level. The bronchial
reactivity of normal subjects to oral inhalation of 1000 ug/cu m sulfuric acid,
ammonium sulfate, and ammonium bisulfate was minimal although carbachol
bronchoconstriction was enhanced in relation to the acidity of the sulfates. The
acute exposure of asthmatic volunteers to 1000 ug/cu m sulfuric acid, and
ammonium bisulfate significantly reduced specific airway conductance and 1
second forced expiratory volume. Some asthmatic subjects showed enhanced
carbachol responses at 100 ug/cu m. Asthmatics exposed to 100 and 450 ug/cu m
sulfuric acid in an environmental chamber with intermittent moderate exercise
for 4 hours showed decreases in flow rates and airway conductance after 1 to 2
hours at the 450 u/cu m dose level. Results differed from a study of asthmatic
adolescents in which exposure with exercise at the 100 ug/cu m level resulted in
significant changes in 1 second forced expiratory volume, Vmax50, and total
respiratory resistance. ... asthmatics were more sensitive to the effects of
inhaled acid sulfates and that exercise potentiated the adverse effects of the
aerosol pollutants. ... Evidence indicated that asthmatics bronchoconstricted
upon inhalation of nitrogen dioxide at near ambient levels.
... The hypothesis of an assoc between sulfuric acid exposure and upper
respiratory cancer was tested. Among workers classified as potentially highly
exposed, four fold relative risks for all upper respiratory cancers sites
combined were exceeded by the relative risk for laryngeal cancer specifically.
Exposure-response and consistency across various comparisons after controlling
statistically for tobacco use, alcoholism and other previously implicated risk
factors, suggest incr cancer risk with higher exposure.
Workers chronically exposed to sulfuric acid mists may show various lesions
of the skin, tracheobronchitis,stomatitis, conjunctivitis, or gastritis;
however, topical application of a 10% solution to skin on the scapula or waist
produced only negligible evidence of irritation.
Seven lung cancer cases were diagnosed during an 11 year period (1957-67) in
a group of 259 blue-collar workers at a sulfuric acid plant in Germany. The
patients had been employed a the plant for periods of six months to 32 years.
Six were smokers (the smoking habits of the other case were unknown). /It was/
calculated an incidence of 268 per 10,000 employees at he sulfuric acid plant
and 39.8 per 10,000 among the other workers in the factory. A further lung
cancer case occurred in an office worker at the same plant, who was a smoker.
Concern about the health effects of acidic aerosols, and particularly
sulfuric acid and acid sulfates, was accentuated by the episodes of smog in
London in the 1950s and 1960s, during which thousands more deaths than expected
were recorded. People at particular risk were those with pre-existing
cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Similar gas-aerosol complexes have been
responsible for acute and chronic lung disease, including potentiation of
respiratory tract infections and chronic bronchitis in geographical areas where
there is significant air pollution from stationary sources of fossil fuel
combustion. Although sulfuric acid is only one component of these complexes, it
has been suggested that hydrogen ion concentration, presumably primarily
reflecting sulfuric and nitric acids, is correlated with bronchitic symptoms in
children. Levels of sulfate and fine particles may also be better predictors of
mortality than are concentrations of total suspended particles or inhalable
particles.
Controlled human exposures to relatively high levels of sulfuric acid
resulted in acute symptoms and other findings suggestive of bronchoconstriction.
Effects have generally not been observed in healthy adults exposed acutely to
levels of less than 500 ug/cu m over a broad range of particle sizes, although
delayed symptomatology (mild throat irritation and increased carbachol
bronchorestrictor response) was noted after exposure to 450 ug/cu m for 4 hours
while exercising moderately. Concentrations (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 ug/cu
m)-related increased in upper respiratory symptoms (cough) without change in
pulmonary function have also been noted. Exercising asthmatics were reported to
be highly responsive (in terms of decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 sec)
to a low level of sulfuric acid (100 ug/cu m)
Acute exposure of human volunteers to 100 ug/cu m of sulfuric acid resulted
in increased mucociliary clearance of particles from the large proximal airways;
at higher levels 100 ug/cu m), the opposite occurred. Clearance from the distal
airways was reduced at both levels.
The potential for chronic and recurrent irritation of the upper airways in
response to occupational exposures to sulfuric acid has raised questions of
increased risk for malignancy. A number of studies recently reviewed ... suggest
that workers exposed to acidic aerosols are at increased risk for lung and
laryngeal cancers. Because other chemicals
and potential carcinogens are generally associated with these aerosols in the
workplace, a cause-and-effect relationship between sulfuric acid aerosols and
malignancy has not been established.
The acute and chronic effects of sulfuric acid were studied in five lead-acid
battery plants. Personal monitoring of 225 workers revealed mean exposures to
sulfuric acid of 0.18 mg/cu m (range, 0.08 - 0.35 mg/cu m) at an average mass
median aerodynamic diameter of close to 5 um. No difference was noted in acute
symptoms between groups exposed to high (> 0.3 mg/cu m) and low (< 0.07
mg/cu m) levels of sulfuric acid, although eye irritation and cough were more
prevalent in the groups with higher exposure. The possibility that workers
became acclimatized to the acute effects of sulfuric acid was considered:
neither short-term nor long-term changes in pulmonary function (as measured by
spirometry) were observed, and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms was not
related to cumulative acid exposure. Dental etching and erosion occurred about
four times more frequently in the group exposed to high levels of acid.
Workers exposed to high concn of sulfuric acid at a refinery & chemical
plant in Baton Rouge, LA were reported at excess risk for upper respiratory
cancer. ...
Human Toxicity Values:
TCLO Human inhalation 5 mg/cu m/15 min. Toxic Effects: Pulmonary System
Effect (Sulfuric Acid Aerosol)
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
... SULFURIC ACID MIST ... STRONGLY IRRITANT & INHALATION OF CONCN OF
AROUND 3 MG/CU M CAUSES CHOKING SENSATION IN UNINITIATED. PERSONS ACCUSTOMED TO
EXPOSURE ARE UNABLE TO NOTICE CONCN OF THIS ORDER OF MAGNITUDE.
Medical Surveillance:
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is
indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc
decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that
might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
Workers should receive pre-employment and periodical medical exam. The
pre-employment exam should be particularly directed at the detection of chronic
respiratory, GI, or nervous diseases and any eye and skin diseases. Periodic
exam should take place at frequent intervals and should include a check on the
condition of the teeth.
Medical records shall be maintained for person employed one or more years in
work involving exposure to sulfuric acid. X-rays for the 5 years preceeding
termination of employment and all medical records with pertinent supporting
documents shall be maintained at least 20 years after the individuals employment
is terminated.
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
... IT MIGRATES TO FOOD FROM PACKAGING MATERIAL. ...
Industrial hygiene measurements were taken at five lead acid battery plants.
The average of all personal samples for sulfuric acid was 0.18 mg/cu m with a
range of nondetectable to 1.7 mg/cu m. Highest levels of acid were found in the
charging and forming areas of the plants.
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence that occupational exposure to
strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid is carcinogenic. Overall
evaluation: Occupational exposure to strong-inorganic-acid mists is carcinogenic
to humans (Group 1).
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Guinea pigs that inhaled sulfuric acid contiunously (24 hr/day) survived
concentrations up to 4 mg/cu m for periods as long as 140 days, but these
animals developed some pulmonary damage.
ACID SPRAYING HAS BEEN A FAVORED METHOD FOR DESTRUCTION OF POTATO HAULMS AND
THERE IS A CONSIDERABLE CHANCE THAT ANIMALS IN THE VICINITY OF POTATO FIELDS
DURING SPRAYING, OR GAINING ACCESS TO SUCH FIELDS SOON AFTER SPRAYING, MAY
DEVELOP EYE OR SKIN BURNS FROM THE SPRAY.
The concn of hydrogen ion which caused 50% mortality of bluegill in 96 hr (96
hr LC50) was between 3.5 and 3.0 for 4 acids: sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric and
hydrochloric. Any contribution by the anions of these acids to fish toxicity may
be similar. This suggests that the quantity rather than the quality of acids is
the primary factor in fish toxicity brought about by acid precipitation.
Simultaneous measurements of whole body proton flux and both unidirectional
and net ion fluxes together with assessment of the blood acid-base, respiratory
gas, electrolyte, and lactate status were performed in white suckers originating
from a natural soft water lake (0.18
milliequivalent Ca2+/l) in Ontario, Canada. Fish were examined under control (pH
approximately 6.8) and acidic conditions (pH approximately 4.3) in natural soft
water at 19-20 deg C. Resting blood composition was similar to that previously
reported for this species in natural hard water except for a marked enhancement
of both plasma pH and HCO3- levels. Acute acid exposure promoted a net influx of
protons (or loss of base) concomitant with a plasma acidosis of mixed origin
(metabolic plus respiratory) as well as whole-body Na+, Cl-, Ca+2, and K+
losses. Circulating ion levels in plasma were partially conserved by
intracellular ion depletion. Radiotracer studies showed that net body losses of
Na+ and Cl- ensured largely through stimulation of efflux components and, to a
lesser extent, inhibition of inward transport. Cl- loss eventually exceeded that
of Na+, suggesting transport of an unmeasured substance to maintain
electroneutrality. A markedly reduced blood PO2, enhanced plasma PCO2, elevated
blood lactate levels, and hemoconcn were also observed. ... Thus, disturbances
in acid-base regulation, ion regulation, and respiratory function may all
contribute to acid toxicity in white suckers in natural soft water. /Acids/
Eight rabbits underwent 1 hr oral inhalations of submicrometer sulfuric acid
mist at concn ranging from approximately 100-1084 mg/cu m, followed by
measurement of the mucociliary clearance of a tracer aerosol from the bronchial
tree. These data, plus those from a previous study, were used to construct an
exposure concn-response relationship for alterations in clearance produced by
sulfuric acid. The response pattern is characeterized by transient acceleration
of clearance out at low concn exposures, and retardation at higher concn.
... The acute pulmonary lesions caused by ozone and sulfuric acid mist in
rats and guinea pigs have been characterized. Rats are not affected by sulfuric
acid mist in concn up to 100 mg/cu m except for reduced body weight at the
higher doses. A true alveolitis develops in guinea pigs exposed to more than 20
mg/cu m sulfuric acid mist. The ozone lesion is primarily confined to the
terminal bronchioles and proximal alveoli. In combination studies with ozone
concn up to 2 ppm and sulfuric acid mist concn up to 10 mg/cu m, the pulmonary
lesion and lung/body weight data were essentially the same as in exposure to
ozone alone and the number of statistically significant synergistic effects in
rats and guinea pigs is about what would be expected on the basis of chance
alone.
Groups of 20 guinea pigs were exposed in inhalation chambers to 25 mg/cu m
sulfuric acid mist six hr a day for 2 days or to 10 mg/cu m sulfuric acid mist
six hr/day for six month. By light microscopy, the most prominent pulmonary
lesion at 48 hr was intraalveolar hemorrhage and segmental alveolitis
characterized by proliferation of alveolar macrophages and type 2 pneumocytes.
Septal edema, injury to the alveolar ducts and changes in the vascular
endothelium were revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
After six mo exposure to 10 mg/cu m sulfuric acid mist, focal tracheal lesions
were present in several guinea pigs, while pulmonary parenchymal lesions were
slight to minimal. By scanning electron microscopy, there was focal loss of
cilia in the trachea; transmission electron microscopy revealed compression of
goblet cells, loss of mitochondria in ciliated cells and basal cell hyperplasia.
The apparent absence of significant pulmonary parenchymal lesions following the
six mo exposure suggests an adaptive mechanism in the guinea pig under the
conditions of this exposure.
The effect of 1 hr oral inhalation exposures to submicrometer aerosols of
ammonium bisulfate, ammonium sulfate, and sodium sulfate upon mucociliary
clearance from the bronchial tree of rabbits was examined. Exposures to ammonium
bisulfate at approx 600-1700 ug/cu m produced a significant depression of
clearance rate only at the highest exposure level. No significant effects were
observed with the other sulfates at levels up to approx 2000 ug/cu m. When
results were compared to those from another study using sulfuric acid aerosol,
the ranking of irritant potency was sulfuric acid greater than ammonium
bisulfate greater than ammonium sulfate which is equal to sodium sulfate.
Alteration in bronchial mucociliary clearance due to sulfate aerosols is to be
related to the deposition of concn of hydrogen ion on the mucus lining of
conducting airways.
The toxicity of sulfuric acid to aquatic life is a function of the resulting
pH. ... A pH of 4.0 gave pronounced gill irritation and 3.5 caused death of
sunfish, bass, and corp.
Levels of exhaled (nasal) ammonia were measured in rabbits at different times
on the same day, on different days, and in rabbits in a normal fed state, or in
a fasted or fed state in which the teeth were brushed and the mouth cleansed.
The ammonia concn observed may produce variable degrees of neutralization of
inhaled sulfuric acid droplets before they deposit in the lung.
Concentrations of sulfuric acid much lower than 4 mg/cu m have produced some
degree of bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs exposed for 1 hr as evidenced by
increases in pulmonary flow resistance. Small particles of sulfuric acid mist
produced the greater effect. The concentration producing a 50% increase in
pulmonary flow resistance was 0.3 mg/cu m for 0.3 um, 0.7 mg/cu m for 1 um, and
6 mg/cu m for 2.5 um particles. Particles of 7 um, which penetrate only the
upper respiratory tract and nasal passages, caused a response of this magnitude
only at 30 mg/cu m.
Topical application to either intact or abraded skin of rabbits or guinea
pigs of a 10% aqueous solution of sulfuric acid produced negligible irritation.
In donkeys, repeated exposures to sulfuric acid at levels that initially
increased mucociliary clearance of particles led over time to decreased
clearance, indicating chronic effects. Sulfuric acid significantly reduced the
phagocytic capacity of alveolar macrophages in rabbits exposed by inhalation to
> or = 1000 ug/cu m for 1 hour per day for five days.
Low pH enhances the level of depurination of isolated DNA, and the fidelity
of DNA replication and repair enzymes may be reduced by extremes of pH. Low pH
did not affect the frequency of point mutations in Salmonella typhimurium (with
or without S9), Escherichia coli, Neurospora crassa or Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
but it induced gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chromosomal
aberrations in Vicia faba root tips and a variety of mitotic abnormalities in
sea urchin embryos and in offspring after treatment of sperm.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LC50 Guinea pigs inhalation 30 mg/cu m/8 hr, 0.8 um MMAD particle size; toxic
effects: hemorrhage and transduction
LC50 Young guinea pigs inhalation 18 mg/cu m/8 hr, 1 um particle size.
LC50 Rat inhalation 347 ppm/1 hr.
Ecotoxicity Values:
TLm Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish) 42 mg/l/48 hr turbid water /Conditions
of bioassay not specified/
TLm Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) 49 mg/l/48 hr tap water 20 deg C
/Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Flounder 100 to 330 mg/l/48 hr aerated water /Conditions of bioassay not
specified/
LC50 Shrimp 80 to 90 mg/l/48 hr aerated water /Conditions of bioassay not
specified/
TLm Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) 24.5 ppm/24 hr fresh water /Conditions of
bioassay not specified/
LC50 Prawn 42.5 ppm/48 hr salt water /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
Some (6 to 8%) of the sulfuric acid absorbed as sulfate and hydrogen ions is
conjugated in the liver from the plasma pool with such metabolites as phenol,
cresol, indole, and skatole.
Simultaneous measurements of whole body proton flux and both unidirectional
and net ion fluxes together with assessment of the blood acid-base, respiratory
gas, electrolyte, and lactate status were performed in white suckers originating
from a natural soft water lake (0.18
milliequivalents Ca (2+)/l) in Ontario, Canada. Fish were examined under control
(pH approximately 6.8) and acidic conditions (pH approximately 4.3) in natural
soft water at 19-20 deg C. Resting blood composition was similar to that
previously reported for this species in natural hard water except for a marked
enhancement of both plasma pH and HCO3- levels. Acute acid exposure promoted a
net influx of protons (or loss of base) concomitant with a plasma acidosis of
mixed origin (metabolic plus respiratory) as well as whole-body Na+, Cl-,
Ca(+2), and K+ losses. Circulating ion levels in plasma were partially conserved
by intracellular ion depletion. Radiotracer studies showed that net body losses
of Na+ and Cl- ensured largely through stimulation of efflux components and, to
a lesser extent, inhibition of inward transport. Cl- loss eventually exceeded
that of Na+, suggesting transport of an unmeasured substance to maintain
electroneutrality. A markedly reduced blood PO2, enhanced plasma PCO2, elevated
blood lactate levels, and hemoconcn were also observed. /Acids/
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
Dilute sulfuric acid, as with sulfuric acid mist, is absorbed as sulfate and
hydrogen ions through mucous membranes, ultimately into the bloodstream. ...
Some sulfate (6 to 8%) from the plasma pool is conjugated in the liver with such
metabolites as phenol, cresol, indole, and skatole and excreted in the urine as
"ethereal sulfates". Such urinary excretion of the ethereal sulfates
constitutes a detoxicating mechanism. The organic sulfate (85 to 90%) is
excreted as compounds of sulfuric acid with sodium, potassium, calcium, and
ammonia. The remainder, neutral sulfur (4 to 6%), is excreted in compounds such
as sulfur-containing amino acids, thiosulfates, and thiocyanates.
Mechanism of Action:
Particle (droplet) size seems to interplay along with temperature and
humidity to influence the toxic effects of sulfuric acid in the respiratory
tract. 2.5 um particles produced a marked increase in pulmonary flow resistance
at a concn of 40 mg/cu m. However, median particle sizes of about 0.8 um were
more effective at concn below 2.0 mg/cu m. It was concluded that large particles
probably exerted their effects on the middle respiratory tract (trachea and
bronchi) whereas the smaller particles produced simple reflex,
bronchoconstriction.
Inhaled insoluble particles that deposit along normal healthy
tracheobronchial airways of humans and other mammals are transported on the
proximally moving mucous lining to the larynx, where they are swallowed. The
transit time from the most distal ciliated airways varies from 0.1 to 1 days,
with each individual having a relatively constant, characteristic time. The
exact time course of clearance depends on the distributions of both particle
deposition and mucus velocities along the airways. There are too few data on
intrabronchial deposition and mucociliary transport rates for laboratory animals
to permit a thorough intercomparison among species. However, enough is known
about the relative lung sizes and anatomical differences among the various
species to make some preliminary, but important, distinctions. As compared to
commonly used experimental animals, humans have larger lungs and a more
symmetric upper bronchial airway branching pattern. In addition, humans do
considerable oral breathing, thus bypassing the effective air cleaning
capability of the nasal airways. These differences contributed to a greater
amount of upper bronchial airway particle deposition in humans, as well as to
greater concentrations of deposition on localized surfaces near airway
bifurcations. Airborne irritants that deposit in small ciliated airways may
produce marked changes in mucociliary transport. Such materials include
cigarette smoke, submicrometer sized sulfuric acid mist, nitrogen dioxide, and
ozone. ...
The mucociliary clearance system is a first line of defense against inhaled
agents, and so its compromise can adversely affect health. The purpose of this
paper is to provide a review of data on the effect of in vivo air pollutant
exposures on the clearance of test particles from airways. Data from both
animals and humans are compared whenever possible, so that estimates of human
health effects may be made. Mechanisms of action are also discussed, presenting
the view that for low level exposures, changes in secretions are propably
responsible for most observed changes in clearance. The pollutants pertinent to
this review are those that are common in the environment and most likely to have
impacts on large numbers of people: sulfur oxides, sulfuric acid mist, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, particulates, diesel exhaust, and cigarette smoke.
Interactions:
The effects of a combination of sulfuric acid mist at 8 mg/cu m and sulfur
dioxide at 89 ppm on growth, lung pathology, and respiratory response were
reported. In 8 pigs exposed for 8 hr, weight had decreased the day following
exposure and growth was slower to resume than was observed for either agent
administered separately. Two guinea pigs were exposed 72 hr following the
initial exposure to the same concn for another 8 hr. In these reexposed animals,
growth ceased entirely during the period of observation following reexposure.
Pathologic lung changes were also more extensive than that observed for either
agent alone, consisting of large areas of complete consolidation and
hepatization involving entire lobes in all cases. In the reexposed animals,
extensive hemorrhage and consolidation were present. It was commented that the
general ill health of the animals was very likely related to the presence of the
extensive lung damage. Labored breathing was very pronounced, continuing for 24
to 48 hr after exposure. In contrast, there were no noticeable respiratory
effects in guinea pigs exposed to 8 mg/cu m sulfuric acid mist alone.
Restlessness and annoyance initially appeared in animals exposed to 89 ppm
sulfur dioxide alone, but disappeared after approximately 5 to 10 min exposure.
It was therefore concluded that effects on growth, lung changes, and respiration
were much more marked than would have been predicted from the use of either
agent alone.
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
Dilute acid gastric hypoacidity. Concn acid formerly as a topical caustic
Interactions:
The effects of a combination of sulfuric acid mist at 8 mg/cu m and sulfur
dioxide at 89 ppm on growth, lung pathology, and respiratory response were
reported. In 8 pigs exposed for 8 hr, weight had decreased the day following
exposure and growth was slower to resume than was observed for either agent
administered separately. Two guinea pigs were exposed 72 hr following the
initial exposure to the same concn for another 8 hr. In these reexposed animals,
growth ceased entirely during the period of observation following reexposure.
Pathologic lung changes were also more extensive than that observed for either
agent alone, consisting of large areas of complete consolidation and
hepatization involving entire lobes in all cases. In the reexposed animals,
extensive hemorrhage and consolidation were present. It was commented that the
general ill health of the animals was very likely related to the presence of the
extensive lung damage. Labored breathing was very pronounced, continuing for 24
to 48 hr after exposure. In contrast, there were no noticeable respiratory
effects in guinea pigs exposed to 8 mg/cu m sulfuric acid mist alone.
Restlessness and annoyance initially appeared in animals exposed to 89 ppm
sulfur dioxide alone, but disappeared after approximately 5 to 10 min exposure.
It was therefore concluded that effects on growth, lung changes, and respiration
were much more marked than would have been predicted from the use of either
agent alone.
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
... IT MIGRATES TO FOOD FROM PACKAGING MATERIAL. ...
Industrial hygiene measurements were taken at five lead acid battery plants.
The average of all personal samples for sulfuric acid was 0.18 mg/cu m with a
range of nondetectable to 1.7 mg/cu m. Highest levels of acid were found in the
charging and forming areas of the plants.
Natural Pollution Sources:
... FOUND IN NATIVE STATE IN VICINITY OF VOLCANOES, IN PARTICULAR IN VOLCANIC
GASES.
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Sulfuric acid enters the waters in a variety of ways: in accidental spills
from railcar derailments, in wastewaters from mining properties where sulphides
are a part of the ore or the rock being mined, in wastewaters from the steel
industry, from the atmosphere, and as a decomposition product of effluents
containing, sulphur, thiosulphate, or other thionates.
Environmental Fate:
Aquatic Fate: Since sulfuric acid is miscible with water, the presence of
water in the soil or falling as precipitation at the time of the spill will
influence the rate of chemical
movement in the soil. ... Dilution through mixture with water will decrease the
viscosity more than the mass density. This will have the net effect of
increasing the velocity of downward movement in the soil. ... Upon reaching the
groundwater table, the acid will continue to move in the direction of
groundwater flow and downward since its mass density exceeds that of water. A
contaminated plume will be produced, with diffusion and dispersion serving to
reduce the acid concn somewhat.
Aquatic Fate: Sulfuric acid will ultimately react with calcium and magnesium
in water to form sulfate salts.
Aquatic Fate: Sulfuric acid has led to increased weathering of calcium from
soils and rocks so that the calcium ion rises in concn in waters above pH 6, and
also in those below pH 5.
Terrestrial Fate: Effects are attributed primarily to sulfuric acid and
particulate sulfates; corrosion of steel; discoloration and deterioration of
limestone, marble, roofing slate, and mortar; fading of dyed materials and loss
of strength by leather; increased brittleness of paper. ...
Atmospheric Fate: Formation of sulfuric acid aerosol nuclei in the atmosphere
and its uptake by cloud droplets are discussed.
A mesoscale model of pollutant transport, transformation and deposition was
used to perform a detailed analysis of acidic deposition to the states of New
York and Ohio (USA) during a 3 day springtime deposition episode. This model can
be used to assess the roles of wet and dry deposition to individual land types
in the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere. Over two-thirds (67%, Ohio;
78%, New York) of the acidic deposition during this rainy period fell as wet
deposition, primarily in the form of sulfuric acid. Dry deposition of sulfur
dioxide accounted for 70-75% of the total dry acidic deposition in both areas,
and most of the remaining dry deposition occurred as nitric acid. Over both
deposition areas, particulate sulfate deposition accounted for < 1% of the
total acid deposition. Due to the highly surface specific nature of the dry
deposition process, individual land types displayed unique patterns of pollutant
uptake. Water surfaces absorbed primarily sulfur dioxide, while rougher forested
areas absorbed a larger proportion of nitric acid vapor. Urban areas, with their
associated material surface, were found to absorb significantly less acid in the
dry form, and during dry periods most of this deposition may occur as nitric
acid vapor, although considerable uncertainty exists regarding the treatment of
rainfall wetted surfaces. These model results suggest that dry pollutant fluxes
to individual surface types will show significant variability from any averaged
flux estimates over larger areas encompassing numerous land types.
Rain chemistry was measured in August 1983 on Allegheny Mountain and Laurel
Hill in southwestern Pennsylvania (USA). The average composition approximated an
sulfuric acid/ nitric acid mixture with a volume-weighted average pH of 3.5 and
sulfate/nitrate mole ratio of 1.8. There was very little undissociated (weak)
acidity and very little S(IV). The acidic rains were associated with air masses
traversing sulfur dioxide source regions west of the sites; stagnation and
intervening precipitation were important influences. The geographic scale for a
halving of rain sulfate concentration downwind of sulfur dioxide sources washing
ratios were inferred for sulfur dioxide, aerosol sulfate, and nitric acid. On
average about half of the rain sulfate resulted from scavenging of sulfur
dioxide, the rest from scavening of aerosol sulfate. The rain hydrogen was
attributed about 25% to nitric acid, 55% to scavenging of sulfur dioxide, and
20% to scavenging of aerosol acid sulfate. Cumulative deposition totals in rain
were compared with deposition in fog and with dry deposition in the same
experiment. A crude acid-deposition budget was calculated as follows: 47%,
sulfuric acid in rain; 23%, sulfur dioxide dry deposition without dew; 16%,
nitric acid and sulfuric acid in fog and dew; 0.5%, aerosol dry deposition
without dew.
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
During transport through the soil, sulfuric acid can dissolve some of the
soil material, in particular carbonate-based materials.
Atmospheric Concentrations:
Reported acid mist concn in forming process areas to a mixture of dilute
sulfuric acid (specific gravity 1.020 to 1.100) varied from 3.0 to 16.6 mg/cu m
of air. Measurements were made on a dry day with low relative humidity.
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Sulfuric acid is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues
when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as a herbicide in the
production of garlic and onions and as a potato vine desiccant in the production
of potatoes.
Residues of sulfuric acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance
when used as a pH control agent (limit: 0.1% of pesticide formulation) in
accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active)
ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw
agricultural commodities after harvest.
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive
review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects
and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration
program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients
initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are
eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new
safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which
EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA,
as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for
human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater
concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Sulfuric acid is found on List D.
Case No: 4064; Pesticide type: fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status:
RED Approved 02/94; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide
are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility
Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): sulfuric acid; Data Call-in
(DCI) Date(s): 02/23/94, 10/13/95; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration
Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the
National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this
designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its
reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is
(800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The
rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4
(section IV. D.3.b).
Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting
requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to
the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Sulfuric acid is an extremely hazardous
substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in
excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 1,000 lbs.
Clean Water Act Requirements:
Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act
Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this
substance.
Allowable Tolerances:
Sulfuric acid is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues
when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as a herbicide in the
production of garlic and onions and as a potato vine desiccant in the production
of potatoes.
Residues of sulfuric acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance
when used as a pH control agent (limit: 0.1% of pesticide formulation) in
accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active)
ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw
agricultural commodities after harvest.
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
H2-O4-S
Molecular Weight:
98.08
Color/Form:
CLEAR, COLORLESS, OILY LIQ WHEN PURE BUT BROWNISH IN HUE WHEN IMPURE
Colorless to dark brown, oily liquid (Note: Pure compound is a solid below 51
degrees F. Often used in an aqueous solution).
Odor:
ODORLESS
Taste:
MARKED ACID TASTE
Boiling Point:
ABOUT 290 DEG C
Melting Point:
10.31 deg C
Corrosivity:
CONCENTRATED ACID IS NON-CORROSIVE TO LEAD & MILD STEEL BUT DIL ACID
ATTACKS MOST METALS.
Corrosion data for ASTM Grade 2 Titanium: Boiling sulfuric acid @ a
concentration of 1% by weight had a corrosion rate of 2.5 mm/yr.
Attacks and corrodes many metals releasing hydrogen.
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.8 g/cu cm
Dissociation Constants:
pKa = 1.98 at 25 deg C (2 step)
Heat of Vaporization:
56 kJ/mole
pH:
1 N sol= 0.3, 0.1 N sol= 1.2, 0.01 N sol= 2.1
Solubilities:
SOL IN WATER & ETHYL ALCOHOL
Surface Tension:
In contact with air or vapor @ 20 deg C= 55.1 dynes/cm /98.5% Sulfuric acid/
Vapor Density:
3.4 (air= 1 at boiling point of sulfuric acid)
Vapor Pressure:
5.93X10-5 mm Hg at 25 deg C /from experimentally-derived coefficients/
Viscosity:
21 mPa.s (est 25 deg C)
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
VERY GREAT AFFINITY FOR WATER,
ABSTRACTING IT FROM AIR & FROM MANY ORG SUBSTANCES; HENCE IT CHARS SUGAR,
WOOD, ETC; @ 340 DEG C IT DECOMP INTO SULFUR TRIOXIDE & WATER; MISCIBLE WITH
WATER & ALCOHOL WITH GENERATION OF HEAT & WITH CONTRACTION IN VOL
DECOMP IN ALCOHOL
DECOMP SALTS OF OTHER ACIDS EXCEPT SILICIC ACID
Heat of solution: -418.0 BTU/lb= -232.2 cal/g= -9.715X10+5 J/kg
Heat capacity constant pressure 138.9 J/mole x deg C (25 deg C)
98% H2SO4 freezes at +3 deg C; 93% at -32 deg C; 78% at -38 deg C; 74% at -44
deg C; and 65% at -64 deg C.
Spent sulfuric acid is a black oily liquid
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors,
dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Reaction with water
or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with
water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in
the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from
fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause
pollution. /Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51% acid/
Fire or explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may
decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Vapors may
accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.). Substance
will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration
of fumes in the air. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
Containers may explode when heated or contaminated with water. /Sulfuric acid,
with not more than 51% acid/
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or
leak area immediately for at least 50 to 100 meters (160 to 330 feet) in all
directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low
areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51% acid/
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical
protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended for fire situations
ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations. /Sulfuric acid, with not more
than 51% acid/
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire,
ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial
evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Sulfuric acid, with not
more than 51% acid/
Fire: Note: Most foams will react with the material and release
corrosive/toxic gases. Small fires: CO2 ... , dry chemical,
dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or
alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without
risk. Do not use straight streams. Dike fire control water for later disposal;
do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight
fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do
not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of
water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound
from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the
ends of tanks. /Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51% acid/
Spill or leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or
flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be
grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing
appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A
vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE
CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Small spills:
Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with
plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean non-sparking
tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers
for later disposal. /Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51% acid/
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply
artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth
method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial
respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other
proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with
substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20
minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin
contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of
the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Sulfuric
acid, with not more than 51% acid/
Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors,
dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. Fire will produce
irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Reaction with water may generate much
heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Contact with
molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire
control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric acid,
fuming; Sulfuric acid, fuming, with less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric
acid, fuming, with not less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid, spent;
Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51%
acid/
Fire or explosion: Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily.
May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react
with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks,
hopper/tank cars etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may
be transported in a molten form. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric acid, fuming; Sulfuric
acid, fuming, with less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid, fuming,
with not less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulfuric
acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51% acid/
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or
leak area immediately for at least 50 to 100 meters (160 to 330 feet) in all
directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low
areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric acid, fuming; Sulfuric
acid, fuming, with less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid, fuming,
with not less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulfuric
acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51% acid/
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical
protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended for fire situations
ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric acid,
fuming; Sulfuric acid, fuming, with less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric
acid, fuming, with not less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid, spent;
Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51%
acid/
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire,
ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial
evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric
acid, fuming; Sulfuric acid, fuming, with less than 30% free sulfur trioxide;
Sulfuric acid, fuming, with not less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric
acid, spent; Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, with not
more than 51% acid/
Fire: When material is not involved in fire: do not use water on material
itself. Small fires: Dry chemical or
C02. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Large Fires:
Flood fire area with large quantities of water, while knocking down vapors with
water fog. If insufficient water supply: knock down vapors only. Fire involving
tanks or car/trailer loads: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water
until well after fire is out. Do not get water inside containers. Withdraw
immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration
of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric acid,
fuming; Sulfuric acid, fuming, with less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric
acid, fuming, with not less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid, spent;
Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, with not more than 51%
acid/
Spill or leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn
for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled
material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do
it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on
leak, spill area or inside container. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.)
away from spilled material. Small spills: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or
other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading
or contact with rain. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place
it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry
into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric
acid, fuming; Sulfuric acid, fuming, with less than 30% free sulfur trioxide;
Sulfuric acid, fuming, with not less than 30% free sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric
acid, spent; Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, with not
more than 51% acid/
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply
artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth
method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial
respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other
proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with
substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20
minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.
Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin
contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of
the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Sulfuric
acid; Sulfuric acid, fuming; Sulfuric acid, fuming, with less than 30% free
sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid, fuming, with not less than 30% free sulfur
trioxide; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric
acid, with not more than 51% acid/
Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances: Small Spills (from a small
package or small leak from a large package): First, ISOLATE in all Directions 60
meters (200 feet); then, PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY 0.2 kilometers (0.1
miles) and NIGHT 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles). LARGE SPILLS (from a large package
or from many small packages): First, ISOLATE in all Directions 185 meters (600
feet); then, PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY 0.6 kilometers (0.4 miles) and
NIGHT 2.9 kilometers (1.8 miles). /Sulfuric acid, fuming; Sulfuric acid, fuming,
with not less than 30% free sulfur trioxide/
Odor Threshold:
GREATER THAN 1 MG/CU M.
Threshold for odor= 1.0 mg/cu m, Irritating concn= 1.1 mg/cu m
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
... SULFURIC ACID MIST ... STRONGLY IRRITANT & INHALATION OF CONCN OF
AROUND 3 MG/CU M CAUSES CHOKING SENSATION IN UNINITIATED. PERSONS ACCUSTOMED TO
EXPOSURE ARE UNABLE TO NOTICE CONCN OF THIS ORDER OF MAGNITUDE.
Fire Potential:
NOT COMBUSTIBLE.
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 3. 3= Materials that, on short exposure, could cause serious
temporary or residual injury, including those requiring protection from all
bodily contact. Fire fighters may enter the area only if they are protected from
all contact with the material. Full protective clothing, incl self-contained
breathing apparatus, coat, pants, gloves, boots and bands around legs, arms and
waist should be provided. No skin surface should be exposed.
Flammability: 0. 0= Any material that will not burn.
Reactivity: 2. 2= Includs materials that, are normally unstable and readily
undergo violent chemical change, but
are not capable of detonation. This includes materials that can undergo chemical
change with rapid releases of energy at normal temperatures and pressures and
materials that can undergo violent chemical
change at elevated temperatures and pressures. This also includes materials that
may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures
with water. In advanced or massive fires, fire fighting should be done from a
safe distance or a protected location.
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Extinguish fire using agents suitable for nearby fires. Use water spray only
to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
Toxic Combustion Products:
WHEN HEATED, IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Concn-acid oxidizes, dehydrates, or sulfonates most organic compounds.
p-Chloronitrobenzene, sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid: The reaction mixture
from sulfonation of the nitro-compound in 20% oleum, containing 35% wt of
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzene-sulfonic acid, shows two exothermic stages at 100 deg C,
respectively, the latter being violently rapid. The adiabatic reaction mixture,
initially at 89 deg C, attained 285 deg C with boiling after 17 hr. At 180 deg C
the induction period was about 20 min. Sulfonation of p-chloronitrobenzene with
65% oleum at 46 deg C led to a runaway decomposition reaction in a 2000 l
vessel. The original process using 20% oleum was less sensitive to heating rate
and temperature. Knowledge that the reaction could be dangerous above 50 deg C
had not been applied.
Addition of sulfuric acid to the cyano-alcohol caused a vigorous reaction
which pressure-ruptured. This seems likely to have been due to insufficient
cooling to prevent dehydration of the alcohol to methylacrylonitrile and lack of
inhibitors to prevent exothermic polymerization of the nitrile.
Cyclopentanone oxime and sulfuric acid: Heating the oxime with 85% sulfuric
acid to effect the Beckmann rearrangement caused eruption of the stirred flask
contents. Benzenesulfonyl chloride in alkali was a less vigorous reagent.
Metal acetylides or carbides and sulfuric acid: Monocesium and monorubidium
acetylides ignite with concn sulfuric acid. Other carbides are hazardous in
contact.
Nitroaryl bases and derivatives and sulfuric acid: A series of o- and
p-nitroaniline derivatives and analogs when heated with sulfuric acid to above
200 deg C undergo, after an induction period, a vigorous reaction. This is
accompanied by gas evolution which produces up to a 150-fold increase in volume
of a solid foam, and is rapid enough to be potentially hazardous if confined.
o-Nitroaniline reacts almost explosively and p-nitroaniline, p-nitroacetanilide,
aminonitrodiphenyls, /o and p/ naphthalenes and various derivatives, as well as
some nitro-N-heterocycles, also react vigorously. p-Nitroanilinium sulfate and
4-nitroaniline-2-sulfonic acid and its salts also generate foams when heated
without sulfuric acid.
Permanganates and sulfuric acid: Interaction produces the powerful oxidant,
permanganic acid.
Phosphorous and sulfuric acid: White phosphorous ignites in contact with
boiling sufuric acid or its vapor.
Tetramethylbenzenes and sulfuric acid: Sulfonation of the mixed isomers of
1,2,3,5- and 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzenes was too violent for shaking in a closed
glass vessel.
Zinc iodide and sulfuric acid: Interaction with the concn acid is violent.
Water and sulfuric acid: Dilution of sulfuric acid with water is vigorously
exothermic, and must be effected by adding acid to water to avoid local boiling.
Mixtures of sulfuric acid and excess snow form powerful freezing mixtures.
Fuming sulfuric acid (containing sulfur trioxides) reacts violently with water.
Acetaldehyde and sulfuric acid: Acetaldehyde is polymerized violently by the
concn acid.
Nitric acid, acetone and sulfuric acid: Acetone is oxidized violently by
mixed nitric-sulfuric acids, and if the mixture is confined in a narrow-mouthed
vessel, it may be ejected or explode.
Acetonitrile, sulfur trioxide, and sulfuric acid: A mixture of acetonitrile
and sulfuric acid on heating (or self heating) to 53 deg C underwent an
uncontrollable exotherm to 160 deg C in a few seconds. The presence of 28 mol %
of sulfur trioxide reduces the initiation temperature to about 15 deg C.
Polymerization of acetonitrile is suspected.
Acrylonitrile and acids: Contact of strong acids (sulfuric or nitric) with
acrylonitrile may lead to vigorous reactions. Even small amounts of acid are
potentially dangerous, as these may neutralize the aqueous ammonia present as
polymerization inhibitor and leave the nitrile unstabilized. It is essential to
use well-chilled ingredients (acrylonitrile, diluted sulfuric acid,
hydroquinone, copper powder) to avoid eruption and carbonization. A really wide
bore condenser is necessary to cope with vigorous boiling of unhydrolysed
acrylonitrile.
Bromine pentafluoride and strong sulfuric acid: Contact at ambient or
slightly elevated temperatures is violent, ignition often occurring.
1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane and sulfuric acid: Interaction is violent.
2-Cyano-4-nitrobenzenediazonium hydrogen sulfate and sulfuric acid: ... 35%
solution of the diazonium salt in sulfuric acid showed three exotherms,
corresponding to hydrolysis of the nitrile group (peak at 95 deg C),
decomposition of the diazonium salt (peak at 160 deg C) and loss of the nitro
group (large peak at 240 deg C). Adiabatic decomposition of the solution from 50
deg C also showed three steps, with induction periods of a 30, 340 and 380 min,
respectively.
1,3-Diazidobenzene and sulfuric acid: The azide ignites and explodes mildly
with concn acid.
Mixo-dimethoxydinitroanthraquinone and sulfuric acid: During hydrolysis of
crude dimethoxydinitroanthraquinone by heating in sulfuric acid, a runaway
exothermic decomposition occurred causing vessel failure. Experiment showed a
threshold decomposition temperature of 150-155 deg C, and oxidizing effect of
nitro groups, yielding carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide above 162 deg C.
1,5-Dinitronaphthalene, sulfur, and sulfuric acid: For industrial conversion
to 5-aminonaphthoquinone derivatives, dinitronaphthalene was mixed cold with
sulfuric acid and sulfur. The unheated mixture exploded violently. Investigation
in the safety colorimeter showed that an exothermic reaction begins at only 30
deg C, and that the onset and intensity of the exotherm markedly depends upon
quality of the dinitronaphthalene.
Nitromethane and acids: Addition of acids to nitromethane renders it
susceptible to initiation by a detonator.
Phosphorus (III) oxide and sulfuric acid: Addition of sulfuric acid to the
oxide causes violent oxidation, and ignition if more than 1-2 g is used.
Sodium carbonate and sulfuric acid: Lack of any mixing arrangements caused
stratification of strong sulfuric acid and ... sodium carbonate solutions in the
same tank. When gas evolution caused intermixture of the layers, a violent
eruption of the tank contents occurred.
Sodium tetrahydroborate (sodium borohydride): Ignition may occur if the
mixture is not cooled.
1,2,4,5-Tetrazine and sulfuric acid: The solid base decomposes violently in
contact with the concn acid.
Cesium acetylene carbide burns with sulfuric acid.
Sulfuric acid reacts violently with the following: bromine pentafluoride,
chlorine trifluoride, cuprous nitride, ethylene cyanohydrin, epichlorhydrin,
phosphorus isocyanate.
Mixing any of the following with 96% sulfuric acid in a closed container
caused the temp and pressure to increase: hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid,
vinyl acetate, acetic anhydride, acetonitrile, acrolein, 2-aminoethanol,
ammonium hydroxide, aniline, n-butyraldehyde, chlorosulfonic acid,
diisobutylene, ethylenediamine, ethylene glycol, isoprene, mesityl oxide,
propiolactone, propylene oxide, pyridine, sodium hydroxide, styrene monomer.
Mixtures of sulfuric acid and any of the following can explode:
p-nitrotoluene, pentasilver trihydroxydiaminophosphate, perchlorates, alcohols
with strong hydrogen peroxide, ammonium tetraperoxychromate, mercuric nitrite,
potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate with potassium chloride.
Sulfuric acid, nitric acid and fat were placed in a tightly closed container.
Within 10 minutes, the container exploded.
It is fairly easy to produce the dangerous anhydrous perchloric acid from
either its salts or its aqueous solutions by heating with high-boiling acids and
dehydrating agents such as sulfuric acid and phosphorus pentoxide.
Ammonium iron (III) sulfate dodecahydrate and sulfuric acid: A few dense
crystals heated with sulfuric acid exploded, owing to the exotherm in contact
with water liberated as the crystals disintegrated.
Benzyl alcohol and sulfuric acid: A mixture of the alcohol with 58% sulfuric
acid decomposes explosively at about 180 deg C.
Cyclopentadiene and sulfuric acid: It reacts violently with charring, or
explodes in contact with concn sulfuric acid.
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and sulfuric acid: During preparation of a
solution of the aldehyde in dilute sulfuric acid, the latter should be prepared
before addition of the aldehyde. An attempt to prepare the solution in concn
acid from a slurry of the aldehyde in a little water caused the stoppered flask
to explode. This was attributed to the exotherm caused by addition of a little
water and the basic aldehyde to the concn acid.
1,3-Diazidobenzene and sulfuric acid: The azide ignites and explodes mildly
with concn acid.
Hexalithium disilicide and acids: The silicide incandesces in concn
hydrochloric acid, and with dilute acid evolves silicon hydrides which ignite.
It explodes with nitric acid and incandesces when floated on sulfuric acid.
Hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid: Evaporation of mixtures of excess 50%
hydrogen peroxide solution with sulfuric acid (10:1) leads to loud but
non-shattering explosions of the peroxomonsulfuric acid formed.
Nitric amide and sulfuric acid: Nitramide decomposes explosively on contact
with concn sulfuric acid.
Nitric acid and sulfuric acid: The gland of a centrifugal pump being used to
pump nitrating acid (nitric-sulfuric acids, 1:3) exploded after 10 min use. This
was attributed to nitration of the gland packing, followed by frictional
detonation. Insert shaft sealing material is advocated.
Nitric acid, organic matter, and sulfuric acid: Use of the mixed concn acids
to dissolve an organic residue caused a violent explosion. Nitric acid is a very
powerful and rapid oxidant and may form unstable fulminic acid or polynitro
compounds under these conditions.
Nitrobenzene was washed with dilute (5%) sulfuric acid to remove amines, and
became contaminated with some acid emulsion which had formed. After
distillation, the hot, acid, tarry residue attacked the iron vessel, evolving
hydrogen, and eventually exploded. It was later found that addition of the
nitrobenzene to the diluted acid did not give emulsions, while the reversed
addition did. A final wash with sodium carbonate solution was added to the
process.
m-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid: A 270 l batch of a solution in
sulfuric acid exploded violently after storage at about 150 deg C for several
hr. An exotherm develops at 145 deg C, and the acid is known to decompose at
about 200 deg C. The earlier case history describes a similar incident when
water, leaking from a cooling coil into the fuming sulfuric acid medium, caused
an exotherm to over 150 deg C, and subsequent violent decomposition.
N-Nitromethylamine and sulfuric acid: The nitroamine is decomposed
explosively by concn sulfuric acid.
p-Nitrotoluene and sulfuric acid: Solutions of p-nitrotoluene in 93% sulfuric
acid decompose very violently if heated to 160 deg C. This happened on
plant-scale when automatic temperature control failed. The explosion temperature
of 160 deg C for the mixture (presumably containing a high proportion of
4-nitrotoluene-2-sulfonic acid) is 22 deg C lower than that observed for onset
of decomposition when p-nitrotoluene and 93% sulfuric acid are heated at a rate
of 100 deg C/hr. Mixtures of p-nitrotoluene with 98% acid or 20% oleum begin to
decompose at 180 deg C and 190 deg C, respectively. Thereafter, decomposition
accelerates (190-224 deg C in 14 min, 224-270 deg C in 1.5 min) until eruption
occurs with evolution of much gas.
Potassium and sulfuric acid: Interaction is explosive.
Silver peroxochromate and sulfuric acid: In attempts to prepare
"perchromic acid," a mixture of silver (or barium) peroxochromate and
50% sulfuric acid prepared at -80 deg C reacted explosively on slow warming to
about -30 deg C.
Sulfuric acids react slowly with sodium, while the aqueous solutions react
explosively.
Thallium (I) azidodithiocarbonate and sulfuric acid: The highly unstable
explosive salt is initiated by contact with sulfuric acid.
Mercury nitride and sulfuric acid: Explodes on contact.
1,3,5-Trinitrosohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine and sulfuric acid: Concn sulfuric
acid causes explosive decomposition.
Organic materials, chlorinates, carbides, fulminates, water, powdered metals.
[Note: Reacts violently with water with evolution of heat. Corrosive to metals.]
Other Hazardous Reaction:
Oxides of sulfur may be produced in fire.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
15 mg/cu m
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
... CHEM GOGGLES, FACE SCREENS, GLOVES, NEOPRENE OR PVC BOOTS &
ACID-RESISTANT TROUSERS, THE LEGS OF WHICH SHOULD FALL OVER THE BOOTS AND NOT BE
TUCKED INTO THEM.
Breakthrough times of sulfuric acid through neoprene or polyvinyl chloride
are greater than one hour reported by (normally) two or more testers.
There is some data suggesting that the breakthrough times of sulfuric acid
(< 30%, 30-70%, and >70%) through polyethylene, Saranex, chlorinated
polyethylene, neoprene, nitrile, polyvinyl chloride, viton, or styrene-butadiene
are approximately an hour or more.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possbility
that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the
recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. />1%/
Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the
immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure.
(Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or
flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be
exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench
facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge
shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water
from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.) />1%/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 15 mg/cu m.
Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow
mode. Eye protection needed. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with acid gas
cartridge(s) in combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter. Eye
protection needed. Any chemical
cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and acid gas cartridge(s) in
combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any air-purifying,
full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted
acid gas canister having a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any
self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air
respirator with a full facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned
entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any
self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in
a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator
that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly
occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying,
full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted
acid gas canister having a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate
escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent
/should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ...
In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably
disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair
covering & overshoes. ... In chemical
laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should
not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators
may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable
plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of
distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the
laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Preventive Measures:
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an
incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in
the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of
generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel
exposure to airborne contaminants.
The most effective measures are the total enclosure of processes and the
mechanization of handling procedures to prevent all personal contact with
sulfuric acid. ... Electrical installations should be protected against the
corrosive action of acid vapors. A hydrant and fire hoses should be located in
or near the premises. Smoking should be prohibited in areas in which sulfuric
acid is stored or handled. Where handling has not been mechanized, special
trolleys should be used for the handling of sulfuric acid containers made of
glass or other materials ... hand pumps should be used for the decanting and
emptying of carboys. Dilution of acid should be carried out by adding the acid
to the diluent. ...
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend
not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the
substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye
protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be
individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the
wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases,
contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection
equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted
from areas of spills or leaks until cleanup has been completed.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner
so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or
clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the
cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective
clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be
removed and replaced.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage
of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application
of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove
gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been
used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq
detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to
appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the
contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic
solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel
should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably
disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair
covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded
immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower
immediately. In chemical laboratory,
gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be
assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be
necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic
aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this
is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth
& purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood.
Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved
during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained
before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are
installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air
extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being
blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure.
Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens
will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological
safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided
that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the
face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under
positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety
cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the
operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ...
should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to
it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be
repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or
biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special
consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of
administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical
application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under
hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this
period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... Unless specifically
required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of
carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from
which the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for
cleaning mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing
diets, special protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required.
/Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to
skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides &
fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops
should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received
carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities should be
installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ...
contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated,
& monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of
disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of
carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ...
contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks
should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors &
benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular
monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive
methods are required when testing lab atmospheres. ... Methods ... should ...
where possible, be simple & sensitive. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination
has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel
engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent
equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed
to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of
drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which
do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner
equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail
commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or
mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be
re-used ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to
laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry
personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where
carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels.
Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed
notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who
can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the
handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for
transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ...
and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked,
labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the
hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods
Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA
Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations
to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous
materials.
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles
for transporting hazardous chemicals.
Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of
recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such
substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This
index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate
procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt
... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in
securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed
inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped
& will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside
container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway
companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing
transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before
... material is shipped. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the
following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a
securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be
enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem
attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary
& secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would
withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the
entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage.
Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The
space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with
an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest
& most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If
parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that
immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted
to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical
Carcinogens/
Storage Conditions:
Storage tanks should be protected by breather vents of sufficient size for
air to escape during filling. Tanks should be fitted with overflow pipes leading
to an adjacent container and located within bunds that will retain the total
contents of the tank in the event of leakage or spillage; the bund should drain
into an acid-resistant concrete sump.
KEEP TIGHTLY CLOSED
Smoking, open lights, flames, and spark-producing tools shall not be
permitted near sulfuric acid carboys, drums, tank cars, or metal storage tanks
because of the possible production of explosive mixtures of hydrogen during
storage.
Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from combustibles,
& other reactive materials. Separate from carbides, chlorates, fulminates,
nitrates, picrates, & powdered metals.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as
practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small
quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept
in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer
(depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An
inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was
acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area.
/Chemical Carcinogens/
Cleanup Methods:
On Land: For small spills, cover the contaminated area with sodium
bicarbonate or a mixture of soda ash/slaked lime (50/50) and mix. Shovel the
neutralized residues into containers for disposal. If neutralizing agent is not
available, cover the area with sand or earth to absorb the liquid and shovel
into containers for disposal.
In Water: Sodium bicarbonate is recommended as an in situ neutralizing agent
to avoid overdosing, resulting in too great
a pH increase as well as the lower heat of reaction. Other treating agents that
may be considered for neutralization are: calcined dolomite (where overrun of
alkali; can be tolerated), calcium oxide (where overrun of alkali can be
tolerated), and calcium hydroxide (where gypsum forms and slows neutralization),
and sodium carbonate (where Ca and Mg content are to be kept low).
Spills of hazardous chemicals (such
as inorganic sulfur acids, oleums of strength 35 to 65%, liquid sulfur trioxide,
or chlorosulfonic acid) can be treated with high molecular weight
polyacrylamide, polymethyl methacrylate or a blend of polyacrylamides. Each
forms a polymer skin over the liquid surface, suppressing the fume &
allowing access to the spill so that cleanup can be done in a controlled manner.
Polyacrylamide variant DP 1916 is best treatment for chlorosulfonic acid &
oleum 20. Polycarbonate granules used in a layer approx 80 mm thick topped off
with Sorboil (an absorbent clay) is best treatment for diked spills of oleums of
all strengths & liq sulfur trioxide. The acid beneath the skin is best
recovered by pumping. Unconfined spills of sulfur trioxide & oleums of all
strengths can be treated with excess anhydrous sodium sulfate which forms a
concrete-like residue that can be sprayed with water within 1 hour, dissolving
it slowly. Expanded perlite, if contained in degradable bags, will effectively
absorb & contain sulfur acids. Fumes of oleum 65% arising from spillage of
80 to 750 kg can be killed within 4 to 13 min. Asphalt or concrete is slightly
affected.
Keep water away from release. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done
without undue risk. Control runoff & isolate discharged material for proper
disposal.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate
arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in
exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms
... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into
plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially.
Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The
plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled
properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper
containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly
labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer
surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed &
labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent
extraction, by chemical destruction,
or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to
implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult
with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices.
SULFURIC ACID MAY BE PLACED IN SEALED CONTAINERS OR ABSORBED IN VERMICULITE,
DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL ... IT MAY ALSO BE DILUTED AND
NEUTRALIZED.
Add slowly to soln of soda ash and slaked lime with stirring. ...
(Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of
disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds &
specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all
kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods &
recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only
feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological
expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most
efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage
combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a
second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous &
organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto
suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction
may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate
arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal
filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp &
carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an
incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by
incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses
of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by
incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or
their metabolites. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Small quantities of ... some
carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can
be given. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in
strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is
seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly
prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be
destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as saturated soln of potassium
permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of
hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn
or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating,
arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with
appropriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols &
thiosulfate. The reactivity of various alkylating agents varies greatly ...
& is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate
the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol
or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been
thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be
inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is
possible to detect residual compounds by reaction with
4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m.
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 1 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit
(STEL) 3 mg/cu m
A2. A2= Suspected human carcinogen. /Sulfuric acid contained in strong
inorganic acid mists./
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
15 mg/cu m
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG): ERPG(1) 2 mg/cu m (no more
than mild, transient effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(2) 10 mg/cu m
(without serious, adverse effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(3) 30 mg/cu m
(not life threatening) up to 1 hr exposure.
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
In the manufacture of dyestuffs, other acids, parchment paper, glue,
purification of petroleum, pickling metal. Therap Cat: Dilute acid formerly in
treatment of gastric hypoacidity. Concentrated acid formerly as a topical
caustic.
Used in fertilizers, chemicals,
dyes and pigments, etchant, alkylation catalyst, electroplating baths, iron and
steel, rayon and film, industrial explosives, lab reagent, nonferrous
metallurgy.
GENERAL-PURPOSE FOOD ADDITIVE
AS DEHYDRATING AGENT IN MANUFACTURE OF ETHERS & ESTERS, GAS DRYING,
OBTAINING GLUCOSE BY HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE; REFINING OF MINERAL AND VEGETABLE
OILS; IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY; IN CARBONIZATION OF WOOL FABRICS; PREPN OF
BROMINE & IODINE, EXTRACTION OF URANIUM FROM PITCHBLENDE
Aluminum brightening agent; battery electrolyte; leaching agent
(uranium/copper ores, zinc/copper production); pH control (water treatment);
sulfonation/nitration reagent; dehydration reagent (chlorine).
... IN /SRP: LEAD-ACID/ STORAGE BATTERIES
Sulfuric acid in water can be used as an electrolytic solution in a single
electrochemical cell.
Vapor is used as a dopant in exposure of free-standing polyacetylene films.
SOLN ARE USED AS SELECTIVE SPRAYS FOR ONION & GARLIC CROPS, ESP ON
PACIFIC COAST. NO LONGER, HOWEVER, ACCEPTABLE ON ONIONS. HAS BEEN USED ... TO
KILL POTATO TOPS AS HARVEST AID.
MEDICATION
Manufacturers:
Agrium US Inc, Hq, 4582 South Ulster Street, Suite 1400, Denver, CO 80237,
(303) 804-4400; Production site: P.O. Box 37, Soda Springs, ID 83276,
(208)547-4381.
AK Steel Corporation, Hq, 703
Curtis Street, Middletown, OH 45053, (513) 425-5000, Production site:
Middletown, OH 45053.
Akzo Nobel Chemicals Inc., Hq, 300
South Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606, (312) 906-7500; Production site:
Highway 43 North, P.O. Box 100, (334) 675-1310, Axis, AL 36505.
AlliedSignal Inc., Hq, 101 Columbia Road, P.O. Box 1057, Morristown, NJ
07962-1057, (201) 455-2000; AlliedSignal Engineered Materials; Production site:
Box 761, Rte. 10 E, 95 East Randolph Rd., Hopewell, VA 23860 (804) 541-5000.
Amoco Corporation, Hq, 200 East
Randolph Drive, Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 856-6111; Production site: P.O. Box
401, Texas City, TX 77590 (Texas City Refinery).
ASARCO Incorporated, Hq, 180 Maiden Lane, New York, NY 10038, (212) 510-2000;
Production sites: P.O. Box 1230, 2301 West Paisano, East Helena, MT 59635; El
Paso, TX 79999; P.O. Box 8, Hayden, AZ 85235 (Hayden Plant).
BHP Copper, Hq, 550 California St., San Francisco, CA 94104-1020, (415)
981-1515; Production site: San Manuel, AZ 85631.
Big River Zinc Corporation, Hq,
Route 3 and Monsanto Avenue, Sauget, IL 62201, (618) 274-5000; Production site:
Sauget, IL 62201.
BIT Manufacturing, Inc., Hq, State Highway 68, Copperhill, TN 37317, (423)
496-3331; Production site: Copperhill, TN 37317.
Cargill Fertilizer, Inc., Hq, 8813 Hwy. 41 South, Riverview, FL 33569, (813)
677-9111; Production sites: P.O. Box 9002, Bartow, FL 33830; Riverview, FL
33569.
CF Industries, Inc., Hq, 1 Salem Lake
Drive, Long Grove, IL 60047, (708) 438-0211; Production sites: P.O. Box 1480,
Bartow, FL 33830 (Bartow Phosphate Complex), (813) 533-3181; P.O. Drawer L,
Plant City, FL 33566 (Plant City Phosphate Complex), (813) 788-1591.
Chevron Products Co., Hq, 575 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, (415)
894-5469; Production sites: Barber's Point, HI 96862; El
Segundo, CA 90245.
Chino Mines Company, Hq, Hurley, NM 88043, (505) 537-3381; Production site:
Hurley, NM 88043.
CITGO Petroleum Corporation, 6130
S. Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, (918) 495-4000; Production site: Cities Service
Highway, Lake Charles, LA 70601, (318)
497-6011.
Conoco Inc., Hq, 600 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77090, (713) 293-1000;
Production site: Lake Charles, LA
70600.
Coulton Chemical Company, Hq, 6600
Sylvania Avenue, Sylvania, OH 43560, (419) 885-4661; Production sites: Cairo, OH
45820; Oregon, OH 43616.
Cyprus Climax Metals Company, Hq, 1501 W. Fountain Head, Suite 290, P.O. Box
22015, Tempe, AZ 85282, (602) 929-4400; Production site: P.O. Box 220, Hwy 61
South, Fort Madison, IA 52627.
Cyprus Miami Mining Corporation,
Hq, P.O. Box 4444, Claypool, AZ 85532, (520) 473-7150; Production site:
Claypool, AZ 85532.
Cytec Industries, Hq, Five Garret Mountain Plaza, West Paterson, NJ 07424,
(201) 357-3100; Process Chemicals,
Fine Chemicals, Contract; Production
site: 10800 River Road, Avondale, LA 70094 (Fortier Plant) Westwego, LA 70094.
The Doe Run Company, Hq, 1801 Park 270 Drives, Suite 300, St. Louis, MO
63146, (314) 453-7100; Production site: Herculaneum, MO 63048.
DuPont, Hq, 1007 Market Street, Wilmington, DE 19898, (302) 774-1000; DuPont
Specialty Chemicals; DuPont
Performance, Specialty, and Fine Chemicals;
Production sites: 3460 Hwy. 44, Darrow, LA 70725 (Burnside Plant); 12501 Strang
Road, P.O. Box 347, La Porte, TX 77571; Brower Road, North Bend, OH 45052 (Fort
Hill Plant); Route 23 at Harris Road, Wurtland, KY 41144; 1201 Bellwood Road,
Richmond, VA 23212 (James River Plant).
El Dorado
Chemical Company, Hq, P.O. Box 231, El
Dorado, AR 71730, (501) 863-1400;
Production site: El Dorado,
AR 71730.
Electronic Chemicals Inc., 5201 W.
21st St., Tulsa, OK 74107, (918) 587-7613.
Farmland Hydro, L.P., Hq, State Road 640, Bartow, FL 33830, (813) 533-1141;
Production site: Bartow, FL 33831.
General Chemical Corporation,
Hq, 90 E. Halsey Road, Parsippany, NJ 07054-0393, (201) 515-0900; Production
sites: 655 North Texaco Road, P.O. Box 40, Anacortes, WA 98221; Route 13,
Claymont, DE 19703 (Delaware Valley Works); 525 Castro Street, P.O. Box 1712,
Richmond, CA 94802.
Harcros Pigments Inc., Hq, 11 Executive Drive, Suite 1, Fairview Heights, IL
62208, (618) 628-2334; Production site: 15125 Wood Avenue, Easton, PA 18042,
(610) 250-3700.
ICI Americas Inc., Hq, Wilmington, DE 19850, (302) 887-3000; ICI Acrylics,
Hq, 3411 Silverside Road, McKean Building, Concord Plaza, Wilmington, DE 19850,
(302) 887-3000; Production sites: P.O. Box 3269, Beaumont, TX 77704, (409)
722-3451; 901 West DuPont Avenue, Belle, WV 25015, (304) 357-1000; 2571 Fite
Road, Memphis, TN 38127, (901) 353-7100.
IMC-Agrico Company, Hq, Old Highway, 37, P.O. Box 2000-1100, Mulberry, FL
33860, (941) 428-2500; Production sites: P.O. Box 71, Donaldson, LA 70346
(Faustina Works); New Wales Facility, State Road 640, Mulberry, FL 33860;
Nichols, FL 33863; P.O. Box 1969, Bartow, FL 33830, South Pierce, FL 33830; Hwy.
44, Uncle Sam, LA 70792.
Industrial Chemicals Corporation,
Hq, 17 Emajagua Street, Santurce, PR 00913, (787) 726-3668; Production site:
Penuelas, PR 00624.
Kemira Pigments, Inc., Hq, President Street Extension, P.O. Box 368,
Savannah, GA 31402, (912) 652-1000; Production site: President Street Extension,
Savannah, GA 31404.
Kennecott Corporation, Hq, 150 East
Social Hall Avenue, Suite 400, Salt Lake
City, UT 84111, (801) 322-7000; Kennecott-Utah Copper; Production site: P.O. Box
6001 Magna (Bacchus), UT 84044-6001.
Koch Sulfur Products Company, Hq, P.O. Box 2256, Wichita, KS 67201, (316)
828-8369; Production sites: De Soto, KS 66018; Riverton, WY 82501; Rosemount, MN
55068; Wilmington, NC 28402.
Langeloth Metallurgical Company, Hq, P.O. Box 608, Langeloth, PA 15054, (412)
947-2201; Production site: Langeloth, PA 15054.
Marsulex, Inc., Hq, Suite 275, 1333 Burr Ridge Parkway, Burr Ridge, IL 60521,
(800) 446-0182; Production site: Sayreville, NJ 08879.
Mississippi Phosphates Corp., Hq, P.O. Box 848, Pascagoula, MS 39568, (601)
762-3210; Production site: Pascagoula, MS 39567.
Mobil Oil Corporation, Hq, 3225
Gallows Road, Fairfax, VA 22037-0001, (703) 846-3000; Mobil Mining and Minerals
Company, Hq, P.O. Box 26683, Richmond, VA 23261, (804) 550-2636; Production
site: 2001 Jackson Road, P.O. Box 3447, Pasadena, TX 77501.
Mulberry Phosphates, Inc., P.O. Box Drawer 797, Mulberry, FL 33860, (941)
425-1176; Production site: Mulberry, FL 33860.
Newmont Gold Company, P.O. Box 669, Carlin, NV 89822-0669, (702) 778-4490.
Ohio Edison Company, Hq, 76 South Main Street, Akron, OH 44308, (216)
384-4901; Production site: 1047 Belmont Avenue, Niles, OH 44446.
Olin Corporation, Hq, 501 Merritt
7, P.O. Box 4500, Norwalk, CT 06856-4500, (203) 750-3000; Production sites: 1400
Olin Road, P.O. Box 30, Beaumont, TX 77704; LA Highway 1 South, P.O. Box 5098,
Shreveport, LA 71135-5098, (318) 797-2595.
PCS Nitrogen Fertilizer, L.P., Hq, 6750 Poplar Avenue, Suite 600, Memphis, TN
38138-7419, (01) 758-5200; Production site: P.O. Box 307, Geismar, LA 70734.
PCS Phosphate Co. Inc., P.O. Box 30321, Raleigh, NC 27622, (919) 881-2700;
Production sites: P.O. Box 48, Aurora, NC 27806; P.O. Box 300, White Springs, FL
32096 (Suwanee River Plant).
Peridot Chemicals (Georgia), Inc.,
Hq, 3540 Wheeler Road, Suite 409, Augusta, GA 30909, (706) 737-0661; Production
site: Augusta, GA 30903.
Peridot Chemicals (New Jersey),
Inc., Hq, 100 Alexander Ave, Pompton Plains, NJ 07444, (201) 831-1900;
Production site: 330 Doremus Avenue, Newark, NJ 07105.
Phelps Dodge Corporation, Hq, 2600
N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85004-3014, (602) 234-8100; Production site:
Hidalgo, NM 88009.
Piney Point Phosphates, Inc., Hq, 13300 U.S. Hwy. 41 North, Palmetto, FL
34221, (941) 722-4555; Production site: Piney Point, FL 34221.
Public Service Company of New Mexico, Hq, P.O. Box 227, Waterflow, NM 87421,
(505) 598-7200; Operations Division; Waterflow, NM 87421.
PVS Chemicals, Inc. (Illinois), Hq,
12260 South Carondolet, Chicago, IL 60633, (773) 933-8800; Production site:
Chicago, IL 60603.
PVS Chemicals, Inc. (New York), Hq,
55 Lee Street, Buffalo, NY 14210, (716) 825-5762; Production site: Buffalo, NY
14210.
Rhone-Poulenc Inc., Hq, CN 5266, Princeton, NJ 08543-5266, (908) 297-0100; Chemical
Sector, Hq, CN 7500, Prospect Plains Road, Cranbury, NJ 08512-7500, (609)
860-4000; Production sites: Highway 1275, Airline Highway, P.O. Box 828, Baton
Rouge, LA 70821, (504) 356-7111; 3439 Park Avenue, P.O. Box 3331, Baytown, TX
77520; 20720 S. Wilmington Avenue, Carson, CA 90746; 2000 Michigan Street,
Hammond, IN 46320; 8615 Manchester Boulevard, P.O. Box 5275, Houston, TX 77012;
100 Mococo Road, Martinez, CA 94553.
Rohm and Haas Texas Inc., Hq, 6600 La Porte Road, Highway 225, P.O. Box 672,
Deer Park, TX 77536, (713) 476-8100; Production site: Deer Park, TX 77536.
Savage Zinc, Inc., Hq, P.O. Box 1104, Clarksville, TN 37041-11-4, (615)
552-4200; Production site: Clarksville, TN 37041.
76 Products Company, Hq, 555 Anton Blvd., Costa Mesa, CA 92626, (714)
428-7600; Production site: 1660 West Anaheim Street, Wilmington, CA 90744 (Los
Angeles Refinery).
SF Phosphates Limited Company, Hq, 515 o. Highway 430, P.O. Box 1789, Rock
Springs, WY 82902, (307) 382-1400; Production site: P.O. Box 1928, Rock Springs,
WY 82901.
J.R. Simplot Co., Hq, P.O. Box 912, Pocatella, ID 83204, (208) 238-2700;
Minerals and Chemical Division;
Production sites: P.O. Box 198, 16777 Howland Road, Lathrop, CA 95330; P.O. Box
912, Pocatella, ID 83204.
Southern States Phosphate and Fertilizer Co., P.O. Box 546, Savannah, GA
31498, (912) 232-1101.
Star Enterprise, Hq, 12700 Northborough Drive, Houston, TX 77067, (713)
874-7000; Production site: Delaware City, DE 19706.
Tampa Electric Company, Hq, 702 N. Franklin Street, Tampa, FL 33602, (813)
228-4158; Production site: 11 miles west of Fort Meade, 11 miles south of
Mulberry, Polk County, FL 33860.
Tosco Corporation, Hq, 72 Cummings
Point Road, Stamford, CT 06902, (203) 977-1000; Production site: Martinez, CA
94553 (Avon Refinery), (510) 228-1220.
Ultramar Diamond Shamrock Corp., Hq, P.O. Box 696000, San Antonio, TX
78269-6000, (210) 641-6800; Production site: Star Route 1, P.O. Box 36, Dumas,
TX 79086, (806) 935-2141.
U.S. Agri-Chemicals Corporation,
Hq, 3225 State Road 630 West, Fort Meade, FL 33841-9799, (941) 285-8121;
Production site: 3255 State Road 630 West, Fort Meade, FL 33841.
Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corporation,
Hq, 1134 Market Street, Wheeling, WV 26003, (304) 234-2400; Raw Materials
Division, Hq, 1134 Market Street, Wheeling, WV 26003, (304) 234-2811; Production
site: P.O. Box P, Follansbee, WV 26037.
Zinc Corporation of America, Hq,
300 Frankfort Road, RT 18, Monaca, PA 15061-2295, (412) 774-1020; Production
site: Monaca, PA 15061.
Methods of Manufacturing:
Prepared by the Contact Process according to the reactions 2SO2 + O2 yields
2SO3, and SO3 +H2O yield H2SO4; by the Chamber Process according to the
reactions 2NO + O2 yields 2NO2, and NO2 + SO2 + H2O yields H2SO4 + NO.
From sulfur, pyrite (FeS2), hydrogen sulfide, or sulfur-containing smelter
gases by the contact process (vanadium pentoxide catalyst). Sulfuric acid can
also be made by the "Cat-Ox" process and from gypsum (calcium
sulfate).
General Manufacturing Information:
The fertilizer industry has for years used tall oil fatty acids as defoamers
for the digestion of phosphate rock into sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.
Formulations/Preparations:
SULFURIC ACID OF COMMERCE CONTAINS 93-98% SULFURIC ACID; REMAINDER IS WATER.
GRADES: CP, USP, TECHNICAL, AT 33%-98% (50 DEG BE TO 66 DEG BE).
Grades: Commercial 60 degrees Be: (density 1.71, 77.7% sulfuric acid); 66
degrees Be (density 1.84, 93.2% sulfuric acid); 98% (density 1.84); 99% (density
1.84); 100% (density 1.84), depending on supplier; reagent ACS, CP.
Impurities:
Non-volatiles, 0.02-0.03 ppm; SO2, 40-80 ppm; iron, 50-100 ppm; nitrate, 5-20
ppm /technical grade, industry type, 66 deg Baume'/
Iron, arsenic, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen compounds, chloride, and fluoride.
Consumption Patterns:
Fertilizers, 70%; ore processing, 5%; petroleum alkylation, 5%; pulp and
paper, 3%; plastics and synthetic rubber, 2%; industrial organic chemicals,
2%; others, including water treatment and chemical
manufacturing, 13%.
U.S. consumption 4.24X10+7 tons (1992).
U.S. consumption 3.82X10+7 tons (1993).
U. S. Production:
(1972) 2.83X10+13 G
(1975) 2.94X10+13 G
(1985) 3.60X10+13 g
(1990) 88.09 billion lb
(1991) 86.70 billion lb
(1992) 89.72 billion lb
(1993) 80.31 billion lb
U. S. Imports:
(1993) 2.5 million tons
(1975) 2.75X10+11 G
(1984) 4.26X10+11 g
U. S. Exports:
(1993) 150,000 tons
(1975) 1.29X10+11 G
(1984) 1.19X10+11 g
(1987) 9.0X10+4 short tons
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
ANALYTE: SULFURIC ACID MIST. MATRIX: AIR. PROCEDURE: TURBIDIMETRY, AS
MEASURED WITH SPECTROPHOTOMETER. RANGE: 0.1-4.0 MG/CU M IN A 100-L SAMPLE OF
AIR.
ANALYTE: SULFURIC ACID MIST. MATRIX: AIR. PROCEDURE: COLLECTION ON FILTER
PAPER, COLOR COMPARISON WITH STANDARDS. RANGE: 0.2-2 MG/CU M (100-L SAMPLE).
ANALYTE: SULFURIC ACID. MATRIX: AIR. PROCEDURE: FILTER COLLECTION, TITRATION
WITH BARIUM PERCHLORATE. RANGE: 0.561-2.577 MG/CU M.
Analyte: Sulfuric acid. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Silica gel tube collection,
eluent desorption, ion chromatography. Range: 0.06-2 mg/cu m.
In air: Flame photometric detection: Total sulfuric acid may be determined in
air at concn as low as 0.26 ug/cu m using a sulfuric acid analyzer equipped with
a flame photometric detector.
In water and soil: Gravimetric: The range of concn which can be analyzed
gravimetrically is 20 to 100 ppm sulfate in water. This may be adapted to higher
or lower ranges depending on sample size. Precision is + or - 1%. This method
measures the sulfate ion; thus, other sulfates, eg natural gypsum, present are
also measured.
Analyte: sulfuric acid (SO4); Matrix: air; Procedure: ion chromatography;
Range: 0.5-2 mg/cu m; Precision: 0.028 /Acids, inorganic/
NIOSH Method 7903. Determination of Acids and Inorganics by Ion
Chromatography, workplace air, detection limit 0.0090 mg/cu m.
Sampling Procedures:
Collection of sulfuric acid on a cellulose membrane filter, followed by
extraction with distilled water and isopropyl alcohol, and treatment with
perchloric acid.
Special References:
Special Reports:
Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Sulphuric acid & Oleum
(Draft) (1984).
NIOSH; Criteria Document: Sulfuric acid (1974) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 74-128.
Toxicology Review: Environmental Health Perspectives 10: 35 (1975)
Toxicology Review: Archives of Toxicology 39: 299 (1978).
Institut National de Rech erche et de Securite; Cah Notes Doc 130: 167-71
1988. Toxicological Data Sheet No 30 : Sulfuric acid.
Dang Prop Ind Mater Rep 5 (3): 70-74 (1985). Review of safety, health
hazards, and toxicology of sulfuric acid.
Lahmann E; VDI-Ber 530: 23-48 1985. Review of sulfur pollution.
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Related HSDB Records:
Synonyms:
ACIDE SULFURIQUE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
ACIDO SOLFORICO (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Acido sulfurico (Spanish)
**PEER REVIEWED**
BATTERY ACID
**PEER REVIEWED**
BOV
**PEER REVIEWED**
Caswell No 815
**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078001
**PEER REVIEWED**
Hydrogen sulfate
**PEER REVIEWED**
MATTLING ACID
**PEER REVIEWED**
OIL OF VITRIOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Sulphuric acid
**PEER REVIEWED**
VITRIOL BROWN OIL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
SULFURIC ACID OF COMMERCE CONTAINS 93-98% SULFURIC ACID; REMAINDER IS WATER.
GRADES: CP, USP, TECHNICAL, AT 33%-98% (50 DEG BE TO 66 DEG BE).
Grades: Commercial 60 degrees Be: (density 1.71, 77.7% sulfuric acid); 66
degrees Be (density 1.84, 93.2% sulfuric acid); 98% (density 1.84); 99% (density
1.84); 100% (density 1.84), depending on supplier; reagent ACS, CP.
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1830; Sulfuric acid, up to 65.25% concentration.
UN 1832; Sulfuric acid, spent; sulfuric acid, spent.
UN 1786; Hydrofluoric acid and Sulfuric acid mixtures.
IMO 8.0; Sulfuric acid, up to 65.25% concentration; Sulfuric acid, spent up
to 65.25% concentration; Sulfuric acid, spent over 65.25% concentration;
Sulfuric acid, fuming; Hydrofluoric acid and Sulfuric acid mixtures.
Standard Transportation Number:
49 300 40; Sulfuric acid
49 300 30; Sulfuric acid, fuming
49 300 42; Sulfuric acid, spent
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/WS5600000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 1811
Last Revision Date: 20020118
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 1/31/1998
http://www.nycwasteless.com/gov-bus/citysense/...
Acute Health Effects:
Extremely corrosive and can severely irritate and burn skin and eyes. Inhalation
can irritate lungs causing coughing and/or shortness of breath; higher exposures
can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs.
Chronic Health Effects:
Limited evidence that sulfuric acid causes lung cancer in refinery workers.
Repeated exposure can cause bronchitis with cough, phlegm, and shortness of
breath; may cause emphysema; can cause chronic runny nose, tearing of the eyes,
nose bleeds, and stomach upset.
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/...
Sulfuric acid is corrosive and can cause severe irritation and burns which may
result in permanent scarring. Extensive acid burns can result in death. The
severity of injury depends on the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution
and the duration of exposure. High mist or aerosol concentrations may cause
redness, irritation and burns to the skin if contact is prolonged.
Sulfuric acid is corrosive and can cause severe irritation (redness, swelling and pain) and permanent damage, including blindness. The severity of injury depends on the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution and the duration of exposure. Sulfuric acid mists and aerosols are expected to be irritating
Sulfuric acid is corrosive and will cause burns to the mouth, throat, esophagus and stomach if ingested. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, intense thirst, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and in severe cases, collapse and death. Small amounts of acid which may enter the lungs during ingestion or vomiting (aspiration) can cause serious lung injury and death.
SKIN: Repeated exposure to low concentrations of mists or aerosols can cause dermatitis (red, itchy, dry skin).
TEETH: Exposures to high concentrations (reportedly up to 16 mg/m3) cause dental erosion. Etching of teeth may occur after a few weeks exposure, progressing to erosion after a few months exposure. Dental etching and erosion occurred about 4 times as frequently in a high exposure group (over 0.3 mg/m3) compared to a low exposure group (below 0.07 mg/m3).
RESPIRATORY EFFECTS: Although sulfuric acid is widely used, there are no specific reports of respiratory effects from long-term exposure. Long-term exposure to sulfuric acid mists or aerosols could cause symptoms of respiratory irritation such as bronchial hyperreactivity.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded there is sufficient evidence that occupational exposure to strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid, is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). IARC's classification is for inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid only and does not apply to sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid solutions
OSH
Answers: Health Effects of Sulfuric Acid
... Health Effects of Sulfuric Acid. ...
Printer Friendly Layout. OSH Answers. Chemicals
& Materials. Chemical Profiles. Sulfuric Acid. Health Effects
of Sulfuric Acid. ...
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/sulfuric_acid/health_sa.html
More Results From: www.ccohs.ca
ATSDR
- Toxicological Profile: Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfuric Acid
... and Sulfuric Acid. CAS# Sulfur Trioxide 7446-11-9 Sulfuric
Acid 7664 ... profile succintly
characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects ...
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp117.html
More Results From: www.atsdr.cdc.gov
CRITERIA
AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR HEALTH EFFECTS
Pollutant. Symbol. Major Man-made Sources. Human Health ...
Aggravates respiratory effects
like asthma and emphysema. ... SO 2. Power plant boilers, sulfuric
acid ...
http://www.broward.org/aqi02700.htm
Environmental
Health Perspectives: Volume 79, 1989
... Sulfuric acid-induced changes in the physiology and
structure of the ... Health effects
of acid aerosols formed by atmospheric mixtures ( Format: PDF ...
http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1989/079/toc.html
More Results From: ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov
Health
and Safety: Sulfuric Acid Mist Judged Cancer Agent (12/98 ...
... The main health effects of short-term exposure to sulfuric
acid vapors and mists
are irritation and burning of the skin and the moist tissues of the eyes, nose ...
http://www.ranknfile-ue.org/h&s1298.html
UTAH
DAQ AMC SULFUR DIOXIDE HEALTH EFFECT PAGE
... atmosphere to sulfuric acid aerosols and particulate
sulfate compounds which are
corrosive and potentially carcinogenic (cancer-causing). The health effects
of ...
http://www.eq.state.ut.us/EQAMC/So2.htm
More Results From: www.eq.state.ut.us
Final
Report: The Effects of Inhaled Oxidants and Acid Aerosols ...
... Exposure to ozone or sulfuric acid ...
Presentations: Supplemental Keywords: Air, ambient
air quality, air toxics, epidemiology, health effects ...
http://es.epa.gov/ncer/final/centers/trc/hei/koenig94.html
More Results From: es.epa.gov
Sulfuric
Acid
... Health effects: Sulfuric acid is very
corrosive and irritating and can cause direct
effects on the skin, eyes, and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
when ...
http://www.nsc.org/library/chemical/sulfuric.htm
More Results From: www.nsc.org
EPA's
Clean Air Market Programs: Acid Rain
... result is a mild solution of sulfuric ... Acid
deposition has a variety of effects ... other
living things, materials, and human health. Acid rain also reduces
how far ...
http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/acidrain/
More Results From: www.epa.gov
TRI
Sulfuric
... Researchers continue to study the possible health effects
of breathing particles,
including sulfuric acid aerosols. Where can I get more
information? ...
http://www.hepn.com/tri/sulfuric.htm
Dry
Acid Salts vs. Basic Acids
... is 1-0-1, for sulfuric acid it is 3-0-2. This
corresponds to sulfuric acid having
serious health effects and sodium bisulfate having slight health
effects. ...
http://www.finishing.com/Library/rsacidsalt.html
toxics
release inventory (PDF)
... Industrial workers may be exposed to concentrated sulfuric acid
fumes or solutions.
What are the potential effects of sulfuric acid on human health?
...
http://www.aep.com/environmental/emissioncontrol/rtk/chemicalprofiles/SulfuricAcid.pdf
More Results From: www.aep.com
ICWUC.HSED
: Cool Chemicals
... HAZARD INFORMATION. Acute Health Effects. The following
acute (short-term) health
effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to Sulfuric
Acid: ...
http://www.hsed.icwuc.org/CoolChemicals/archive/sulfuricacid.html
More Results From: www.hsed.icwuc.org
Occupational
Illnesses and Injuries: Sulfuric Acid Facts
... Acute Health Effects of Sulfuric Acid
Exposures. As the ... acid exposure.
Chronic Health Effects of Repeated Exposure to Sulfuric Acid.
...
http://www.epi.state.nc.us/epi/oii/sulfuricacid/
More Results From: www.epi.state.nc.us
Health
& Safety - HASTELLOY C-2000 alloy Product Brochure H- ...
... Inhalation of metal dust or fumes generated from welding, cutting,
grinding, melting,
or dross handling of these alloys may cause adverse health effects
...
http://www.haynesintl.com/C2000alloy/C2000hs.htm
Sulfuric
Acid MSDS
... 2. Composition/Information on Ingredients. CAS#, Chemical Name, %,
EINECS#. 7664-93-9,
Sulfuric acid, 95-98.0%, 231 ... Potential Health Effects
Eye: May ...
http://www.bu.edu/es/LabSafety/ESMSDSs/MSSulfuricAcid.html
More Results From: www.bu.edu
National
Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC): Notable ...
... Bay Area agencies to provide needed guidance during a sulfuric
acid ... in the blue area
likely experienced mild transient-to-no- health effects ...
http://narac.llnl.gov/responses/richmond.html
Sulfuric
Acid
... Human Carcinogen) designation refers to sulfuric acid
contained in strong inorganic
acid ... tracheobronchitis; skin, eye burns; dermatitis HEALTH
EFFECTS ...
http://www.osha-slc.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_268700.html
More Results From: www.osha-slc.gov
CRC
Press: ATSDR Online
... of health effects, data gaps, and all available health
data ... peer-reviewed, this work
covers the toxicological effects ... SULFUR TRIOXIDE AND SULFURIC
ACID ...
http://www.atsdr.net/default.asp?cc=83
More Results From: www.atsdr.net
cleanaireffects
... This process creates nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and sulfuric acid
(H 2 SO 4 ... a range of
sites throughout the world to assess amounts of acid ... health
effects. ...
http://www.ametsoc.org/AMS/sloan/cleanair/cleanaireffects.html
More Results From: www.ametsoc.org
Great Lakes Chemical Corporation and the Pathfinders Camp