N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
N-BUTYL ALCOHOLHuman Toxicity Excerpts:
Symptomatology: 1. Central nervous system: headache, muscle weakness,
giddiness, ataxia, confusion, delirium, coma. 2. Gastrointestinal: nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea (odor of the alcohol in excreta). 3. Irritation of skin,
eyes, throat from vapor or liquid. Cough and dyspnea. 4. Death from resp
failure. 5. Disturbances of cardiac rhythm. 6. Occasional complications: a.
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage b. Renal damage with glycosuria c. Liver damage d.
Cardiac failure e. Pulmonary edema. /Alcohols (higher)/
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE POINTS TO BUTYL ALCOHOL VAPOR
AS CAUSE OF A SPECIAL VACUOLAR KERATITIS IN HUMAN BEINGS. ... IN SOME PATIENTS
VACUOLAR KERATOPATHY CAUSES NO COMPLAINTS, BUT IN THE MOST SEVERELY AFFECTED IT
HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN & TEARING, CHARACTERISTICALLY MOST MARKED ON
FIRST OPENING EYES IN MORNING.
A 10 yr study was conducted of men exposed to 1-butanol
in an industrial setting. ... The concentration of 1-butanol
was 200 ppm or more, and corneal inflammation was occasionally observed. Ocular
symptoms included a burning sensation, blurring of vision, lachrymation, and
photophobia. Symptoms became more severe toward the end of the work week.
ITS VAPORS IRRITATE & CAUSE COUGH. ... MAY CAUSE IRRITATION OF MUCOUS
MEMBRANES, CONTACT DERMATITIS, HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, DROWSINESS.
TRANSIENT MILD EDEMA OF CONJUNCTIVA OF THE EYE & A SLIGHTLY REDUCED
ERYTHROCYTE COUNT MAY OCCUR ABOVE 200 PPM.
... SERIOUS SYSTEMIC EFFECTS ... IN THE FORM OF AUDITORY NERVE &
VESTIBULAR INJURY HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN WORKERS OUTSIDE THE USA (FRANCE AND
MEXICO).
AS EXTRAPOLATED FROM RAT DATA ... 3 TO 7 OZ REPRESENTS REASONABLE EST OF
SINGLE ORAL MEAN LETHAL DOSE OF ANY BUTYL ALCOHOL IN
MAN. /ALCOHOLS, HIGHER/
ETHANOL & CERTAIN SHORT-CHAIN ARYL (BENZYL) & ALIPHATIC (PROPYL,
BUTYL) ALCOHOLS PRODUCED UP TO 10 FOLD INCR IN CYCLIC AMP CONCN IN PURIFIED
HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES. ETHANOL CONCN AS LOW AS 80 MG/DL PRODUCED
SIGNIFICANT ELEVATIONS IN LYMPHOCYTE CYCLIC AMP.
... BUTYL ALCOHOLS ... HAVE PRODUCED FEW CASES OF POISONING IN INDUSTRY
BECAUSE OF THEIR LOW VOLATILITY. /BUTYL ALCOHOLS/
A CASE IS REPORTED OF OCCUPATIONALLY ACQUIRED SENSITIVITY TO ISOPROPYL
ALCOHOL IN WHICH, ON TESTING WITH GAS CHROMATOGRAPHICALLY PURIFIED MATERIAL,
POSITIVE PATCH TEST REACTIONS WERE FOUND TO 1-PROPANOL, 1-BUTANOL,
2-PROPANOL, 2-BUTANOL.
THE ACTIVITY OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE ACID PHOSPHATASE (EAPASE)
WAS ENHANCED 4-FOLD BY N-BUTANOL. THE
EXTENT OF HUMAN PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATASE (PAPASE) ACTIVATION BY N-PROPANOL WAS
LOWER THAN THAT OF EAPASE. EAPASE & PAPASE ACTIVATION BY ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS,
INCLUDING N-BUTANOL WAS
NONCOMPETITIVE.
In high concn in the air it can cause CNS depression.
Short-term exposure of humans to n-butanol
produces a variety of CNS effects, including headaches, giddiness, ataxia,
confusion, delirium & possible coma. Muscle weakness may also be observed.
Possible gastrointestinal effects include nausea & vomiting. In addition, butanol
liquid or vapors cause irritation to the skin & membranes in the eyes &
upper respiratory tract.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
May cause irritation of mucous membranes.
Vapor: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat; ... Liquid: Irritating to skin
and eyes.
It is a strong irritant of the mucous membranes, eyes, skin & respiratory
tract.
Medical Surveillance:
Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions ...
/skin, liver, kidney, eye, or chronic respiratory diseases central and
peripheral nervous systems/ which might place the employee at increased risk
from butyl alcohol exposure. ... Any
employee developing the ... conditions should be referred for further medical
exam.
Blood n-butanol concn should not
exceed 0.08 mg/l during exposure at the threshold limit value of 50 ppm.
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
THE PRODN OR, IN SOME CASES, USE OF THE FOLLOWING ... MAY OFFER EXPOSURE TO N-BUTYL
ALCOHOL: ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, BUTYL ESTERS, RUBBER CEMENT, DYES,
FRUIT ESSENCES, LACQUERS, MOTION PICTURE & PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS, RAINCOATS,
PERFUMES, PYROXYLIN PLASTICS, RAYON, SAFETY GLASS, SHELLAC, VARNISH & WATER
PROOFED CLOTH.
Use and liberation during spray, brush, or dip application of surface
coatings. Use in adhesive and as a solvent adhesive in the manufacture of
garments from polyvinyl butyral coated fabric. Liberation during the manufacture
of derivatives of butyl alcohol, including
chemicals, herbicides, ore flotation agents, urea and melamine formaldehyde
resins, and pharmaceuticals. Use as a solvent or as a diluent in the manufacture
of brake fluids, detergents, denatured alcohol, and surface coatings, and as a
swelling agent in textiles. It is also used as an azeotrophic dehydrating agent
and blending agent in laboratory analysis, and liberation as a by-product in
furfural tetrahydrofuran conversion.
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-83) has statistically estimated that 794,284 workers
(115,385 of these are female) are potentially exposed to n-butyl
alcohol in the US(1). Occupational exposure may occur through
inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-butyl
alcohol is produced or used(SRC). The concentration of n-butyl alcohol in
expired air from 8 individuals employed as sprayers during the varnishing of
automobiles ranged from 1.3-35.0 ug/hr(2). n-Butyl alcohol was identified, not
quantified, in 29 air samples from printing shops and 18 painting shops in
Belgium(3). n-Butyl alcohol was detected at a mean concn of 1.6 ug/cu m in 73
samples of exhaled breath from 111 Belgian workers exposed to a solvent
mixture(4). The general population is exposed to n-butyl alcohol through the
ingestion of foods that contain this compound and inhalation of ambient air(SRC).
Body Burden:
n-Butyl alcohol was identified, not
quantified, in human blood(1) and mother's milk(2). n-Butyl alcohol was detected
in human breath samples at concns of 1-10 ppb(3). The concentration of n-butanol
in expired air from 8 individuals ranged from 1.3-35.0 ug/hr(4). n-Butyl alcohol
was detected at concns of 0.02 and 0.08 ng/l in 2 samples of the expired air of
54 individuals(5). n-Butyl alcohol was detected at a mean concn of 1.6 ug/cu m
in the exhaled breath of Belgian workers exposed to a solvent mixture(6).
Minimum Fatal Dose Level:
AS EXTRAPOLATED FROM RAT DATA ... 3 TO 7 OZ REPRESENTS REASONABLE EST OF
SINGLE ORAL MEAN LETHAL DOSE OF ANY BUTYL ALCOHOL IN
MAN. /ALCOHOLS, HIGHER/
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for
signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary.
Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and
treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ...
. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush
eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline
during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and
administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can
swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated
charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/
Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for
airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema.
Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be
beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... .
Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use
lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid
overload. Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor,
dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below
50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with
diazepam (Valium) ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer
fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal
fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Consider drug therapy for
pulmonary edema ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation
... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
CLASSIFICATION: D: not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR
CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human and no animal cancer data. HUMAN
CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None.
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
LIKE THE OTHER BUTYL ALCOHOLS, TERTIARY BUTYL
ALCOHOL IS A ... /CNS DEPRESSANT/, STRONGER IN ANIMALS THAN BUTANOL-1
OR ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL.
/CNS DEPRESSANT/ ... DOSE. (I) BY ORAL ADMIN FOR RABBITS, DEEP & RAPID
... /CNS DEPRESSION/ FOLLOWED A DOSAGE OF 2.1 TO 2.44 G/KG. (II) BY IP
INJECTION, FOR MICE, 0.76 ML/KG ... (III) BY INHALATION, FOR MICE, 6600 PPM. ...
RABBITS GIVEN ORALLY 1 TO 1.5 G/KG SHOWED MODERATE REDUCTION OF SENSITIVITY
& WITHIN 20 TO 30 MIN SLIGHT PARALYSIS. WITH DOSAGE OF 1.6-2.0 G/KG THEY
SHOWED PRIMARY EXCITEMENT, AND AFTER 15 MIN COMPLETE PARALYSIS, ANALGESIA,
DIMINISHED CORNEAL, PUPILLARY & CILIARY REFLEXES, REDN OF BODY TEMP &
RESPIRATION, WITH HIGHER DOSAGES, NYSTAGMUS, SALIVATION & DEEP ... /CNS
DEPRESSION/ LASTING 36 HR.
ANIMALS EXPOSED TO N-BUTYL ALCOHOL IN
AIR MAY MANIFEST ... ATAXIA, PROSTRATION, & ... /CNS DEPRESSION/. ... DEATHS
FROM ACUTE OVEREXPOSURE ARE BELIEVED DUE TO RESPIRATORY FAILURE. ... GUINEA PIGS
EXPOSED TO 100 PPM, 4 HR/DAY 6 DAYS/WK FOR 64 EXPOSURES SHOWED A DECR IN NUMBER
OF RED BLOOD COUNT & RELATIVE & ABSOLUTE LYMPHOCYTOSIS, SOME EVIDENCE OF
LUNG HEMORRHAGE, ALBUMINURIA, EARLY DEGENERATIVE CHANGES OF THE LIVER, &
CORTICAL & TUBULAR DEGENERATION IN THE KIDNEYS. MICE SUBJECTED TO 130 HR OF
TOTAL EXPOSURE (UNSTATED NUMBER OF HR PER DAY FOR SEVERAL DAYS) TO A CONCN OF
8000 PPM (24.3 MG/L OF AIR) /SHOWED CNS DEPRESSION/ ... REPEATEDLY BUT GAINED IN
WEIGHT & SURVIVED. REVERSIBLE FATTY CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN THE LIVERS OF
THE MICE.
LIQ N-BUTYL ALCOHOL TESTED BY
APPLYING DROP TO RABBIT EYES CAUSED MODERATE TEMPORARY INJURY, GRADED 7 ON SCALE
OF 1 TO 10 AFTER 24 HR. /10 IS MOST SEVERE INJURY/
TREATMENTS OF RABBIT SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM VESICLES WITH AQUEOUS /SOLUTIONS
OF/ C1-C7 N-ALCOHOLS INHIBITED CALCIUM UPTAKE & ENHANCED ATP ACTIVITY.
/C1-C7 N-ALCOHOLS/
THE SUCCESS RATE OF A CONDITIONED RESPONSE IN GOLDFISH WAS TESTED AS A
FUNCTION OF TIME AFTER SINGLE ADDITIONS OF N-BUTANOL
AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS. FOLLOWING A STEP INCR IN ALC CONCN TO GOLDFISH,
INITIAL CONDITIONAL RESPONSE SUCCESS RATE DECR & WAS RELATED BOTH TO INITIAL
CONCN & TO SIZE OF THE STEP. AFTER SINGLE STEPS TO FINAL CONCN OF 15 MMOLE
THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF RECOVERY BY 5 HR. AT 20 MMOLE FISH WERE FULLY
ANESTHETIZED.
SHORT & LONG CHAIN ALCOHOLS CAUSED NERVE BLOCK IN GUINEA PIG LATERAL
OLFACTORY TRACT (15-20 MIN FOR N-BUTANOL).
Studies of the neuronal effects of aliphatic alcohols of varying chain
lengths were done on sciatic nerve preparations of Xenopus laevis, in order to
obtain information on the action mechanisms of anesthetics. With regard to their
ability to reduce the permeability constants for sodium ions and potassium ions,
the alcohols ranked as follows: octanol greater than heptanol greater than or
equal to 2-octanol greater than butanol
greater than propyl alcohol greater than ethyl alcohol.
In mouse striatal membranes, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, & butyl
alcohol all increased adenylate cyclase activity in the presence
of 5-guanylylimidodiphosphate (nucleotide-binding protein), & their effects
on adenylate cyclase activity were linearly correlated with their respective
carbon chain lengths.
Alcohol exposure produced a dose dependent elevation and then decline in
specific prolactin binding in membrane preparations from ventral prostate glands
of adult rats. 1-Butanol produced a
maximal 37-42% increase in prolactin binding at a concn of 1.0%. The value of
the microviscosity parameter decreased by 10-13% after a 15 min exposure of
prostatic membranes to 1.0% butanol.
Evidently, in vitro fluidization of prostatic membrane modifies prolactin
binding capacity.
Injection of n-butyl alcohol into
the yolk sac of fertile eggs prior to incubation was used to determine toxicity.
Butyl alcohol produced marked teratogenic effects in the chick embryo, such as
damage to eyes, kidney, and nerves. Injection doses ranged from 0.17 to 234
mg/egg.
The butyl alcohols are ... 2 to 5 times more toxic than ethanol when tested
acutely in the rat. ... Toxic symptoms from butyl ...
alcohol are usually more severe and more prolonged than those in
ethanol intoxication. /Alcohols, higher/
IN THE RAT ... THE ORDER OF INCREASING LETHALITY BY SINGLE DOSE ORAL ADMIN IS
AS FOLLOWS: ETHYL, ISOPROPYL AND SEC-BUTYL, N-BUTYL, TERT-BUTYL, ISOBUTYL, &
AMYL ALCOHOLS.
Changes in the cytochrome p450 enzyme systems were investigated in the liver,
kidney, and lung of rats exposed to n-butanol
and its isomers at 2000 ppm for 3 days and at 500 ppm for 5 days. A pronounced
increase in the microsomal p450 was observed in the kidney, with sec and tert butanol
causing 47% and 36% increases, respectively. The lung and liver microsomal p450
was unaltered. The induction of p450 was greater at lower concentration. A
longer duration of exposure is required for the enzyme induction in the kidney,
whereas the concentration is an imporatant factor for its induction in the
liver.
LOCAL ANESTHETICS AND ALCOHOLS INHIBITED MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT AT
SEVERAL POINTS ALONG THE CHAIN. N-BUTANOL
& BENZYL ALC INHIBITED EACH OF SEGMENTS OF RAT LIVER & BEEF HEART
MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ASSAYED; THESE INCL CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE,
DUROHYDROQUINONE OXIDASE, SUCCINATE OXIDASE & DEHYDROGENASE, NADH OXIDASE,
SUCCINATE-CYTOCHROME C OXIDOREDUCTASE, & OTHERS.
A CORRELATION BETWEEN HYPNOTIC POTENCY OF ALIPHATIC ALC & ABILITIES TO
DISRUPT STRUCTURE OF NEURONAL MEMBRANE IN VITRO WAS ESTABLISHED. SIGNIFICANT
REDN IN ORDER PARAMETER WERE OBSERVED @ NERVE BLOCKING CONCN. THE FOLLOWING
ALCOHOLS WERE INVESTIGATED: ETHANOL, PROPANOL, 2-PROPANOL, BUTANOL,
2-BUTANOL, 2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL,
2-METHYL-2-PROPANOL. DISORDERING POTENCY OF EACH ALCOHOL WAS CLOSELY RELATED TO
ITS MEMBRANE SOLUBILITY, BASED ON OIL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT.
... Rats were not killed in 4 hr of inhalation exposure to n-butyl
alcohol at 8000 ppm. ... No /CNS depressant/ or irritative
effects are to be anticipated at 100 ppm.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral 790 mg/kg
LC50 Rat inhalation 8000 ppm/4 hr
LD50 Rat iv 310 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse ip 603 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse iv 377 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit dermal 3400 mg/kg
Ecotoxicity Values:
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1730 mg/l/96 hr (95% confidence
limit 1630-1840 mg/l); age 33 days old, water hardness 47.7 mg/l (CaCO3), temp
24.7 deg C, pH 7.64, dissolved oxygen 6.3 mg/l, alkalinity 45.5 mg/l (CaCO3)
Static bioassay
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1950, 1950, 1950, 1950, & 1910
mg/l at 1, 24, 48, 72, & 96 hr, respectively, at 18 to 22 deg C (Static
bioassay in Lake Superior water)
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1940, 1940, 1940, 1940, & 1940
mg/l at 1, 24, 48, 72, & 96 hr, respectively, at 18 to 22 deg C (Static
bioassay in reconstituted water)
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Scenedesmus
quadricauda (green algae) 875 mg/l
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test) Microcystis
aeruginosa (algae) 100 mg/l
Toxic Dose Chlorella pyrenoidosa (algae) 8,500 mg/l
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test): Uronema parduczi
Chatton-Lwoff (protozoa) 8.0 mg/l
Toxicity Threshold (Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test): Entosiphon sulcatum
(protozoa) 55 mg/l
EC50 Daphnia magna (daphnid) 2337 mg/l/24 hr, toxic effect: lost ability to
swim
EC50 Daphnia magna (daphnid) 1983 mg/l/48 hr, toxic effect: lost ability to
swim
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
Cytochrome p450 isozyme 3a, isolated from hepatic microsomes of rabbits
treated chronically with ethyl alcohol, had a unique substrate specificity when
compared with isozymes 2, 3b, 3c, and 4. Form 3a has unusually high activity in
the p-hydroxylation of aniline and in the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes.
Isozyme 3a catalyzes the oxidation of methyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and butanol
as well as ethyl alcohol.
In rats, n-butanol is extensively
metabolized; within 24 hr of a single oral dose, 83% had been converted to
carbon dioxide.
METABOLISM OF ETHANOL, PROPANOL, ISOPROPANOL, BUTANOL,
ISOBUTANOL, SEC-BUTANOL, & TERT-BUTANOL
WAS STUDIED AFTER ORAL ADMIN IN RABBITS. BLOOD PH WAS ON THE ACID SIDE WITH
PROPANOL, BUTANOL, & ISOBUTANOL,
AND ON THE ALKALINE SIDE WITH ISOPROPANOL & SEC-BUTANOL,
BUT NO CHANGE WAS OBSERVED WITH ETHANOL & TERT-BUTANOL.
BUTANOL & ISOBUTANOL HAD THE
LOWEST RATE OF URINARY EXCRETION. ACETALDEHYDE AND ACETIC ACID WERE DETECTED AS
THE URINARY METABOLITES OF ETHANOL AND PROPANOL, WHEREAS ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE &
ISOVALERIC ACID WERE THE METABOLITES OF ISOBUTANOL.
Butanol is oxidized to
butyraldehyde via alcohol dehydrogenase, with the concomitant reduction of NAD+
to NADH. This reaction is limited both by the amount of enzyme & by the rate
of reoxidation of NADH to NAD+ via mitochondrial respiration. Butyraldehyde is
further oxidized to butyrate via mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases. The
butyrate is activated to butyryl CoA, which is combusted via mitochondrial
B-oxidation to carbon dioxide. Butanol
may also be oxidized to butyraldehyde via cytochrome p450 & the supply of
NADPH available for mixed-function oxidation. The contribution of this latter
pathway is probably minor, as is the case for ethanol.
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
BUTANOL IS ABSORBED THROUGH THE
LUNG, THE GI TRACT AND SKIN.
TWELVE SUBJECTS WERE EXPOSED TO 300 OR 600 MG/CU M OF N-BUTYL
ALCOHOL IN INSPIRED AIR DURING REST AND DURING EXERCISE ON A
BICYCLE ERGOMETER. EXPOSURE LASTED 2 HR. THE ARTERIAL BLOOD CONCENTRATION WAS
LOW. THE CONCENTRATION IN THE LAST PART OF THE EXPIRED AIR, IE, THE ALVEOLAR
CONCENTRATION, WAS LOW. THE QUOTIENT OF ALVEOLAR CONCENTRATION WAS LOW IN
RELATION TO THE LOW PERCENTAGE UPTAKE. THE HIGH SOLUBILITY OF BUTYL ALCOHOL IN
WATER MAY EXPLAIN THE RESULTS.
Volunteers exposed to n-butanol for
2 hr at air concn of 100 and 200 ppm developed blood concn that never exceeded
1.0 mg/l, whether at rest or during excercise. Exposure to an air concn of 50
ppm for 2 hr resulted in blood levels less than 0.08 mg/l.
In rats, n-butanol is extensively
metabolized; within 24 hr of a single oral dose, 83% had been converted to
carbon dioxide, 4% excreted in the urine and 12% remained in the body.
Urine was analyzed immediately, 1, 2, 8, and 9 hr after drinking (during 2
hr) 3.75 ml/kg of beverages containing orange juice, 15 or 40% ethanol, and and
1 g/l of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol,
2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol or a
mixture of 1-propanol & isobutyl alcohol. Maximum urine levels /in mg/l/
were found 1 hr after drinking ended: 1-propanol 5.04, 2-propanol 3.36, 1-butanol
0.43, 2-butanol 2.55, isobutyl alcohol
... 1.7-2.03 mg/l. Urine treatment with beta-glucuronidase before analysis
indicated that significant amounts of the alcohols were excreted as
glucuronides, esp isobutyl alcohol. 2-Propanol and 2-butanol
were the slowest to be metabolized. When mixtures of alcohols were given, the
concentrations of isobutyl alcohol glucuronides were high with the mixtures
containing 5 and 15% ethanol, and decreased at 40% ethanol.
1-Butanol is readily absorbed
through the lungs, skin, and intestinal tract. Once absorbed, 1-butanol
disappears rapidly from the blood and is distributed to various tissues with no
evidence of bioaccumulation.
Mechanism of Action:
The effects of n-butyl and t-butyl alcohol on
the respiration of electrically stimulated and unstimulated slices of rat brain
cortical tissue were studied. n-Butyl alcohol, at
a concn of 9 mM, and t-butyl alcohol, at a concn of 41 mM, reduced the
respiration of stimulated tissue by about 11.5%, and depressed respiration of
unstimulated tissue. It is concluded that the alcohols ... act primarily by
interfering with mechanisms closely related to the excitation cycle in
conducting membranes.
Interactions:
... Ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol,
sec-butanol, and tert-butanol
... exert a ... potentiating effect on the acute inhalation toxicity of carbon
tetrachloride. ... Interaction between isopropanol & carbon tetrachloride
was documented in an industrial accident ... where workers exposed to both
agents exhibited hepatotoxicity. With ethanol the potentiation seems to be due
to the presence of the unmetabolized alcohol; however, with isopropanol the
effect seems to be caused by the presence of both unmetabolized alcohol and
acetone. The results obtained with n-butanol
resemble those of ethanol, whereas with 2-butanol
they resemble those of isopropanol ...
POTENTIATES BACTERICIDAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL, ETHYL & ALCOHOL, PROPYL.
IN VITRO ... WITH RAT LIVER SLICES BIOTRANSFORMATION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE TO
TRICHLOROETHANOL WAS FOUND TO BE ENHANCED MORE EFFECTIVELY BY N-PROPANOL AND N-BUTANOL
THAN BY ETHANOL.
... IN ANIMALS, ETHYL ALCOHOL DOES NOT PROTECT AGAINST TOXICITY OF N-BUTANOL
... THIS MAY BE DUE TO FACT THAT N-BUTANOL
IS EXCELLENT SUBSTRATE FOR ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE OR THAT METABOLIC PRODUCTS OF
N-BUTANOL ARE NOT MAJOR CAUSE OF
TOXICITY.
PRETREATMENT WITH N-BUTANOL 30 MIN
BEFORE ALLOXAN (100 MG/KG) PROTECTS MICE FROM PERMANENT HYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECTS
(MEASURED AT 72 HR) OF ALLOXAN.
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
MEDICATION (VET): BACTERICIDE USED IN TREATMENT OF FROTHY BLOAT.
... n-Butyl alcohol has been admin
to patients for the control of postoperative pain in otolaryngeal surgery and
for an unexplained anti-hemorrhagic effect ... in those with far advanced
cancer.
A saturated aq soln has been given intravenously to many patients in vol up
to 300 ml per day for reducing postoperative pain, for ocular conditions in 68
patients, without note of any untoward effect on the eyes or central nervous
system.
Interactions:
... Ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol,
sec-butanol, and tert-butanol
... exert a ... potentiating effect on the acute inhalation toxicity of carbon
tetrachloride. ... Interaction between isopropanol & carbon tetrachloride
was documented in an industrial accident ... where workers exposed to both
agents exhibited hepatotoxicity. With ethanol the potentiation seems to be due
to the presence of the unmetabolized alcohol; however, with isopropanol the
effect seems to be caused by the presence of both unmetabolized alcohol and
acetone. The results obtained with n-butanol
resemble those of ethanol, whereas with 2-butanol
they resemble those of isopropanol ...
POTENTIATES BACTERICIDAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL, ETHYL & ALCOHOL, PROPYL.
IN VITRO ... WITH RAT LIVER SLICES BIOTRANSFORMATION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE TO
TRICHLOROETHANOL WAS FOUND TO BE ENHANCED MORE EFFECTIVELY BY N-PROPANOL AND N-BUTANOL
THAN BY ETHANOL.
... IN ANIMALS, ETHYL ALCOHOL DOES NOT PROTECT AGAINST TOXICITY OF N-BUTANOL
... THIS MAY BE DUE TO FACT THAT N-BUTANOL
IS EXCELLENT SUBSTRATE FOR ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE OR THAT METABOLIC PRODUCTS OF
N-BUTANOL ARE NOT MAJOR CAUSE OF
TOXICITY.
PRETREATMENT WITH N-BUTANOL 30 MIN
BEFORE ALLOXAN (100 MG/KG) PROTECTS MICE FROM PERMANENT HYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECTS
(MEASURED AT 72 HR) OF ALLOXAN.
Minimum Fatal Dose Level:
AS EXTRAPOLATED FROM RAT DATA ... 3 TO 7 OZ REPRESENTS REASONABLE EST OF
SINGLE ORAL MEAN LETHAL DOSE OF ANY BUTYL ALCOHOL IN
MAN. /ALCOHOLS, HIGHER/
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
n-Butyl alcohol's production and
use as a solvent for many natural resins, an ingredient in paint removers and
industrial cleaners may result in its release to the environment through various
waste streams. n-Butyl alcohol is an aroma component of apples and is also found
in many foods. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7 mm Hg at 25 deg C
indicates n-butyl alcohol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient
atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-butyl alcohol will be degraded in the atmosphere by
reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this
reaction in air is estimated to be 46 hours. If released to soil, n-butyl
alcohol is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 72.
Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate
process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. n-Butyl
alcohol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The
biodegradation half-life of n-butyl alcohol in a sub-surface soil was
approximately 7 days. If released into water, n-butyl alcohol is not expected to
adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the estimated Koc.
Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important environmental
fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated
volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 29 days,
respectively. In a river die-away test, n-butyl alcohol achieved 33% of its
theoretical BOD in 5 days, suggesting biodegradation will be an important fate
process in water. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for
bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be
an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional
groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure may
occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces
where n-butyl alcohol is produced or used. The general population is exposed to
n-butyl alcohol through the ingestion of foods that contain this compound and
inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
THE PRODN OR, IN SOME CASES, USE OF THE FOLLOWING ... MAY OFFER EXPOSURE TO N-BUTYL
ALCOHOL: ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, BUTYL ESTERS, RUBBER CEMENT, DYES,
FRUIT ESSENCES, LACQUERS, MOTION PICTURE & PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS, RAINCOATS,
PERFUMES, PYROXYLIN PLASTICS, RAYON, SAFETY GLASS, SHELLAC, VARNISH & WATER
PROOFED CLOTH.
Use and liberation during spray, brush, or dip application of surface
coatings. Use in adhesive and as a solvent adhesive in the manufacture of
garments from polyvinyl butyral coated fabric. Liberation during the manufacture
of derivatives of butyl alcohol, including
chemicals, herbicides, ore flotation agents, urea and melamine formaldehyde
resins, and pharmaceuticals. Use as a solvent or as a diluent in the manufacture
of brake fluids, detergents, denatured alcohol, and surface coatings, and as a
swelling agent in textiles. It is also used as an azeotrophic dehydrating agent
and blending agent in laboratory analysis, and liberation as a by-product in
furfural tetrahydrofuran conversion.
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-83) has statistically estimated that 794,284 workers
(115,385 of these are female) are potentially exposed to n-butyl
alcohol in the US(1). Occupational exposure may occur through
inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-butyl
alcohol is produced or used(SRC). The concentration of n-butyl alcohol in
expired air from 8 individuals employed as sprayers during the varnishing of
automobiles ranged from 1.3-35.0 ug/hr(2). n-Butyl alcohol was identified, not
quantified, in 29 air samples from printing shops and 18 painting shops in
Belgium(3). n-Butyl alcohol was detected at a mean concn of 1.6 ug/cu m in 73
samples of exhaled breath from 111 Belgian workers exposed to a solvent
mixture(4). The general population is exposed to n-butyl alcohol through the
ingestion of foods that contain this compound and inhalation of ambient
air(SRC).
Body Burden:
n-Butyl alcohol was identified, not
quantified, in human blood(1) and mother's milk(2). n-Butyl alcohol was detected
in human breath samples at concns of 1-10 ppb(3). The concentration of n-butanol
in expired air from 8 individuals ranged from 1.3-35.0 ug/hr(4). n-Butyl alcohol
was detected at concns of 0.02 and 0.08 ng/l in 2 samples of the expired air of
54 individuals(5). n-Butyl alcohol was detected at a mean concn of 1.6 ug/cu m
in the exhaled breath of Belgian workers exposed to a solvent mixture(6).
Natural Pollution Sources:
REPORTED PRESENT IN PEPPERMINT OIL FROM BRAZIL, ACHILLEA AGERATUM, TEA, &
IN APPLE AROMA.
Artificial Pollution Sources:
n-Butyl alcohol's production and
use as a solvent for many natural resins, an ingredient in paint removers and
industrial cleaners(1) may result in its release to the environment through
various waste streams(SRC).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value
of 72(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.88(2) and a regression-derived
equation(3), indicates that n-butyl alcohol is
expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-butyl alcohol
from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given
a Henry's Law constant of 8.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for
volatilization of n-butyl alcohol from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon a
vapor pressure of 7 mm Hg(5). The biodegradation half-life of n-butyl alcohol in
a sub-surface soil from Blacksburg, VA was approximately 7 days(6).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of
72(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.88(2) and a regression-derived
equation(3), indicates that n-butyl alcohol is
not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC).
Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate
process(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using
this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives
for a model river and model lake are 2 and 29, days respectively(SRC). According
to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2)
and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for
bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. In a river die-away test, n-butyl
alcohol achieved 33% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days(7), suggesting
biodegradation will be an important fate process in water(SRC).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of
semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-butyl
alcohol, which has a vapor pressure of 7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2),
is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase
n-butyl alcohol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with
photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC). The half-life for the reaction
in air with hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 46 hours(SRC), calculated from
its rate constant of 8.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(3).
Environmental Biodegradation:
n-Butyl alcohol biodegrades rapidly
in screening tests using a sewage or activated sludge inoculum. n-Butyl alcohol
reached 66% of its theoretical BOD in a sewage sludge during a 5 day incubation
period(1) and 33% of its theoretical BOD using an inoculum from polluted surface
water(2). The first-order rate constant for the degradation of n-butyl alcohol
in soils was reported as 2X10-6 sec-1(3). This corresponds to a half-life of
approximately 4 days(SRC). The first-order biodegradation rate constant of
n-butyl alcohol in an activated sludge inoculum was reported as 9.59X10-3
hour-1(4). This corresponds to a half-life of about 3 days(SRC). The
biodegradation half-life of n-butyl alcohol in a sub-surface soil from
Blacksburg, VA was approximately 7 days(5). The biodegradation half-life of
n-butyl alcohol in a basic sandy silt loam from Texas was reported as 1 day and
the half-life of n-butyl alcohol in an acidic sandy loam from Mississippi was
reported as 8.5 days(6).
AEROBIC: Thirty-eight process wastewaters and 37 organic substances
identified in the wastewater of the Kashima (Japan) petrochemical complex were
subjected to the activated sludge degradability test. The test used the
activated sludge of the Fukashiba (Japan) industrial wastewater treatment plant,
which was acclimatized to the wastewater and organic substances. Water in the
test container was sampled during aeration at 0 hr and 24 hr later. After 1 day
of acclimation, 100 mg/l of n-butyl alcohol resulted
in a chemical oxygen demand of 82% and 93% total organic carbon(1).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-butyl
alcohol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been
measured as 8.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(1). This corresponds to an
atmospheric half-life of about 46 hours at an atmospheric concentration of
5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). n-Butyl alcohol is not expected to
undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional
groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the
environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for n-butyl
alcohol(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.88(1) and a
regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this
BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is
low(SRC).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of n-butyl alcohol is
estimated as 72(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.88(1) and a regression-derived
equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value
suggests that n-butyl alcohol is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for n-butyl alcohol is
8.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-butanol is
expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law
constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1
m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 days(SRC). The
volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind
velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 29 days(SRC). n-Butyl alcohol's
Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces
may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of n-butanol from dry soil
surfaces may exist based upon a vapor pressure of 7 mm Hg(3).
Environmental Water Concentrations:
SURFACE WATER: n-Butyl alcohol was
detected in surface water from Tatsuno City, Japan at 318 ppb(1). n-Butyl
alcohol was identified, but not quantified, in water samples from Lake
Ontario(2).
Effluent Concentrations:
Effluents from an unidentified petrochemical company contained about 16.0
mg/l n-butyl alcohol and discharged
approximately 90 lbs n-butyl alcohol/day(1). n-Butyl alcohol was identified, not
quantified, in the volatile emissions of furniture coatings(2). n-Butyl alcohol
was detected at concns ranging from 0.1 to 238 mg/cu m in landfill gas from 7
waste disposal sites in the United Kingdom(3). n-Butyl alcohol was identified,
not quantified, in the volatile emissions of common garden waste(4). n-Butyl
alcohol was identified, not quantified, in the volatile emissions of freshly
laid carpets(5) and landfill compost(6).
Atmospheric Concentrations:
n-Butyl alcohol was identified, not
quantified, in forest air in the Southern Black Forest of Germany(1). n-Butyl
alcohol was detected in the air of Tucson, AZ at a mean concn of 5.7 ppb
(February-September, 1982) and two rural sites 40 km away at a mean concn of 3.7
ppb (August-September, 1982)(2). n-Butyl alcohol was detected at mean concns of
less than 0.2 ppb and 1.63 ppb in 2 industrial sites in Boston, MA and Houston,
TX, respectively(3). n-Butyl alcohol was detected at a school (indoor air) in
Denmark at an avg concn of 7 ug/cu m(4). n-Butyl alcohol was identified, not
quantified, in the indoor air of homes where a Swedish oil floor finish called
"Glitsa" was recently applied(5). n-Butyl alcohol was identified, not
quantified, in 29 air samples from printing shops and 18 painting shops in
Belgium(6).
Food Survey Values:
n-Butyl alcohl was identified, not quantified, in the volatile emissions of
roasted filberts(1), raw beef(2), Frankfurter sausages(3) and roasted
almonds(4). n-Butyl alcohol was
detected in soybeans at concns of 199.9 to 1,586.2 ug/kg(5). The volatile
emission rate of n-butanol from Bisbee apples harvested from the state of
Washington was 8.6 to 35.1 picoliters/kg-hr(6).
Fish/Seafood Concentrations:
n-Butyl alcohol was found in a
sample of mussel at a concn of 0.27 ppm(1). The mussel sample was collected off
the coast of Japan(1).
Milk Concentrations:
n-Butanol was identified, not
quantified, in 3 of 12 samples of mother's milk(1).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Residues of n-butanol are exempted
from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in
accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active)
ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw
agricultural commodities after harvest.
n-Butanol is exempted from the
requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent for blended emulsifiers in
accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active)
ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the
National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this
designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its
reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is
(800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The
rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4
(section IV. D.3.b).
RCRA Requirements:
U031; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when n-butyl
alcohol, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing
chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a
manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed
according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a
hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris
resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste.
Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion
from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
F003; When n-butyl alcohol is a
spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source
(F003), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to State
and/or Federal hazardous waste regulations.
Atmospheric Standards:
This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly
constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best
demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC,
considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy
requirements. n-Butyl alcohol is
produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under
this subpart.
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(MI) MICHIGAN 910 ug/l
(MN) MINNESOTA 700 ug/l
(FL) FLORIDA 700 ug/l
FDA Requirements:
n-Butyl alcohol (without residue)
may be used in inks for marking food supplements in tablet form, gum, and
confectionery.
Allowable Tolerances:
Residues of n-butanol are exempted
from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in
accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active)
ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw
agricultural commodities after harvest.
n-Butanol is exempted from the
requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent for blended emulsifiers in
accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active)
ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C4-H10-O
Molecular Weight:
74.12
Color/Form:
Colorless liquid
Odor:
HARSH FUSEL ODOR WITH BANANA
ODOR SIMILAR TO AMYL ALCOHOL
Rancid, sweet
Strong characteristic, mildly alcoholic odor
Taste:
BANANA, FUSEL TASTE
DRY, BURNING TASTE
5.00X10-1 ppm (taste detection in water, gas chromatically pure)
Boiling Point:
117.7 deg C
Melting Point:
-89.8 deg C
Corrosivity:
Attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
Critical temperature: 563 K; critical pressure: 4.414 MPa
Density/Specific Gravity:
0.8098 @ 20 deg C/4 deg C
Dissociation Constants:
pKa= 16.10
Heat of Combustion:
639.53 kg cal/g mol wt at 25 deg C
Heat of Vaporization:
52.35 kJ/mol @ 25 deg C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 0.88
Solubilities:
In water, 6.32X10+4 mg/l @ 25 deg C
Miscible with many organic solvents
Very soluble in acetone; miscible with ethanol and ethyl ether
> 10% in benzene
Spectral Properties:
Index of refraction: 1.3993 @ 20 deg C/D
Specific rotation: +9.8 at 20 deg C/D (water)
IR: 4807 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
1H NMR: SAD 7200 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
13C NMR: STOT 140 (Stothers, Cabon-13 NMR Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New
York)
MS: NIST 19177 (NIST/EPA/MCDC Mass Spectral Database 1990 version); NBS 23
(National Bureau of Standards)
Raman: SAD 180 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
Surface Tension:
26.28 dynes/cm @ 10 deg C; 24.93 dynes/cm @ 25 deg C; 22.69 dynes/cm @ 50 deg
C
Vapor Density:
2.6 (Air= 1)
Vapor Pressure:
7.0 mm Hg @ 25 deg C
Relative Evaporation Rate:
0.46 (butyl acetate= 1)
Viscosity:
36.1 cP at -50.9 deg C; 5.186 cP at 0 deg C; 2.544 cP at 25 deg C; 0.533 cP
at 100 deg C
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Highly refractive liq
Leaves transitory greasy spot on paper.
PERCENT IN SATURATED AIR 0.86 (25 DEG C); DENSITY OF SATURATED AIR: 1.01
(AIR= 1)
Heat of fusion: 29.93 cal/g= 125.23 J/g= 9,282 J/mol
Sat concn in air 20 g/cu m at 20 deg C; 39 g/cu m at 30 deg C
Liquid heat capacity= 0.566 BTU/lb-F @ 75 deg F; Liquid thermal conductivity=
1.028 BTU-inch/hr-sq ft-F @ 75 deg F; Saturated vapor density= 0.00145 lb/cu ft
@ 75 deg F; Ideal gas heat capacity= 0.354 BTU/lb-F @ 75 deg F
Ionization potential= 10.01 eV
Observed and estimated solubility of naphthalene in 1-butanol
at 40 deg C: 0.116 mole fraction (observed) & 0.111 mole fraction
(estimated)
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 8.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec @ 25
deg C
Coefficient of cubical expansion: 0.00093/deg C, 0.00052/deg F; specific heat
of liquid: 0.563 cal/g at 20 deg c; wt/gal: 6.756 lb at 20 deg C
Forms binary azeotropes with 1-bromo-3-methylbutane, butyl acetate, butyl
ether, butyl formate, butyl vinyl ether, camphene, chlorobenzene,
1-chloro-3-methylbutane, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, dibutyl ether,
1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, 2,5-dimethylhexane, ethyl borate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl
carbonate, ethyl isobutyrate, heptane, hexane, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone,
1-iodo-3-methylbutane, isoamyl formate, isobutyl acetate, isobutyl ether,
isopropyl isobutyrate, isopropyl sulfide, methylcyclohexane, methylcyclopentane,
methyl isovalerate, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, octane, paraldehyde, alpha-pinene,
pyridine, styrene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene
Forms ternary azeotropes with water, butyl acetate; water, butyl
chloroacetate; water, butyl ether; water, butyl formate; water, carbon
tetrachloride
Dielectric constant: 17.8 at 20 deg C; 8.2 at 118 deg C; dipole moment: 1.66
(gas, at 20 deg C in benzene)
Enthalpies of formation: -78.18 kcal/mole (liquid); -65.65 kcal/mole (gas)
Gibbs (free) energies of formation: -38.84 kcal/mole (liquid); -36.04
kcal/mole (gas)
Entropies: 54.1 cal/deg-mole (liquid); 86.7 cal/deg-mole (gas)
Heat capacities: 42.31 cal/deg-mole (liquid); 26.29 cal/deg-mole (gas)
Electrical conductivity: 9.12X10-9/ohm.cm
Diffusion coefficient: 0.025 sq m/hr in air at 0 deg C and 1 atm
Burns with strongly luminous flame.
Henry's Law constant = 8.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 deg C
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Fire or explosion: Highly flammable: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks
or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to
source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will
spread along ground and collect in low confined areas (sewers, basements,
tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Some may
polymerize (P) explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer
may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many
liquids are lighter than water.
Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire
will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause
dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause
pollution.
Public safety: Call Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . Isolate spill
or leak area immediately for at least 50 to lOO meters (160 to 330 feet) in all
directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low
areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide
limited protection.
Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least
300 meters (1000 feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a
fire, isolate for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider
initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Fire: Caution: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water
spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2,
water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to
control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane. Large fires: Water spray,
fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use straight streams. Move containers from
fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer
loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor
nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire
is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices
or discoloration of tank. Always stay away from the ends of tanks. For massive
fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible,
withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Spill or leak: Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or
flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be
grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do
it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined
areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover
with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to
containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large
spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may
reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply
artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if
breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In
case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running
water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm
and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to
substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the
material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
Odor Threshold:
Water odor threshold: 7.1 mg/l. Air odor threshold: 0.83 ppm. Odor safety
class: B. B= odor safety factor 26-550. 50-90% of distracted persons perceive
warning of TLV.
2.50 ppm (detection in water, chemically pure)
2.77 ppm (detection in air, chemically pure)
2.88 ppm (detection in air, chemically pure)
2.86X10-9 moles/l (detection in air, purity not specified)
1.10X10-13 molecules/cu cm (detection in air, purity not specified)
3.00X10-1 ppm (detection in air, purity not specified)
1.00 ppm (recognition in air, purity not specified)
1.20X10-1 ppm (detection in air, purity not specified)
4.10X10-1 ppm (detection in air, purity not specified)
8.20X10+10 molecules/cu cm (in air, purity not specified)
6.80X10-1 ppm (detection in air, purity not specified)
1.80 ppm (recognition in air, purity not specified)
Odor Thresholds 0.3600 mg/cu m (low) 150.000 mg/cu m (high).
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
May cause irritation of mucous membranes.
Vapor: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat; ... Liquid: Irritating to skin
and eyes.
It is a strong irritant of the mucous membranes, eyes, skin & respiratory
tract.
Fire Potential:
FLAMMABLE LIQUID. MODERATELY EXPLOSIVE WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME.
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 1. 1= Materials that, on exposure, would cause irritation, but only
minor residual injury, including those requiring the use of an approved
air-purifying respirator. These materials are only slightly hazardous to health
and only breathing protection is needed.
Flammability: 3. 3= This degree includes Class IB and IC flammable liquids
and materials that can be easily ignited under almost all normal temperature
conditions. Water may be ineffective in controlling or extinguishing fires in
such materials.
Reactivity: 0. 0= This degree includes materials that are normally stable,
even under fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal
fire fighting procedures may be used.
Flammable Limits:
Lower flammable limit: 1.4% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 11.2% by volume
Flash Point:
98 deg F, 37 deg C (closed cup)
Closed cup flash point: 28.89 degrees C
Autoignition Temperature:
650 DEG F (343 DEG C)
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding
quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected
containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance
as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Toxic Combustion Products:
Toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire
involving butyl alcohol.
Firefighting Hazards:
Flashback along vapor trail may occur.
Explosive Limits & Potential:
MODERATELY EXPLOSIVE WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME.
Vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed area.
Lower: 1.45% by vol in air; upper 11.25% by vol in air
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
WHEN METHANOL ... USED TO RINSE A PESTLE & MORTAR WHICH HAD BEEN USED TO
GRIND COARSE CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE, IMMEDIATE IGNITION OCCURRED, DUE TO VIGOROUS
OXIDATION OF SOLVENT. THE SAME OCCURRED WITH ... BUTANOL.
Butanol, used as a solvent in an
autoclave preparation at 100 deg C, severely attacked the aluminum gasket,
liberating hydrogen which caused a sharp rise in pressure. Other alcohols would
behave similarly ... .
Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosion.
Strong oxidizers, strong mineral acids, alkali metals, halogens.
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomp it emits acrid smoke and fumes.
Decomposition products: toxic gases & vapors (e.g., carbon monoxide) may
be released in a fire involving n-butyl alcohol.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
1400 ppm [Based on 10% of the lower explosion limit for safety considerations
even though the relevant toxicological data indicated irreversible health
effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing,
gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective
clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with liquid butyl
alcohol.
Breakthough times are less (usually significantly less) than one hour as
reported by two or more testers, for natural rubber.
For neoprene, nitrile rubber, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), the breakthrough
times are greater than one hr as reported by two or more testers.
Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.
If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are
those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration
(formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration), or by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Some data (usually from immersion tests) suggesting breakthrough times
greater than one hour are not likely for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). No data for
butyl rubber (butyl), neoprene/styrene butadiene rubber(neo./SBR), polyethylene
(PE), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), polyethane (PU), styrene-butadiene (SBR)
and viton.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 1250 ppm.
Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow
mode. Eye protection needed. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic
vapor cartridge(s). Eye protection needed.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 1400 ppm.
Respirator Class(es): Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece
and organic vapor cartridge(s). Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator
(gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any
powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and organic
vapor cartridge(s). Eye protection needed. Any self-contained breathing
apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full
facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned
entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any
self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in
a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator
that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly
occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying,
full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted
organic vapor canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing
apparatus.
Preventive Measures:
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend
not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the
substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye
protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be
individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the
wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases,
contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection
equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an
incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in
the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of
generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel
exposure to airborne contaminants.
Employees should wash promptly when skin is wet or contaminated. Remove
clothing immediately if wet or contaminated to avoid flammability hazard.
Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not
technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed,
or when they fail and need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for
operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency
situations. ... Clothing wet with liquid butyl alcohol
should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can
be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of butyl
alcohol from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or
otherwise cleaned to remove the butyl alcohol, the
person performing the operation should be informed of butyl
alcohol's hazardous properties. Any clothing which becomes wet
with liquid butyl alcohol should be
removed immediately and not reworn until the butyl
alcohol is removed from the clothing.
If material /is/ not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames,
and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and
sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if
without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute
standing pools of liquid.
Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless
wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which
may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner
so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or
clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the
cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective
clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not
be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for
cleaning.
Employees who handle liquid isobutyl alcohol should wash their hands before
eating or smoking. /Isobutyl alcohol/
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its
flammability hazard.
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for
transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ...
and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked,
labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the
hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods
Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA
Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations
to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous
materials.
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles
for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual
substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the
classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has
also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to
locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or
article.
Storage Conditions:
Store in cool, unlighted place away from ... explosives ... organic
peroxides, poisons and radioactive materials.
Preserve in tight containers, and prevent exposure to excessive heat.
Cleanup Methods:
1. REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3. FOR
SMALL QUANTITIES ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS. EVAPORATE IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME
HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO ... CLEAR HOOD DUCTWORK.
BURN PAPER IN SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS.
Waste water treatment: Activated carbon: adsorbability: 0.107 g/g C, 53.4%
reduction, influent: 1,000 mg/l, effl: 466 mg/l; reverse osmosis: 41.3%
rejection from a 0.01 M soln; stabilization pond design: toxicity correction
factor: 2.0 at 4,000 mg/l influent; anaerobic lagoon: 22 lb Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)/day/1,000 cu ft: influent: 170 mg/l, effluent: 75 mg/l; 48 lb
COD/day/1,000 cu ft: influent: 170 mg/l, effluent: 80 mg/l
Disposal Methods:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this
contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U031; F003, must conform with USEPA
regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
Incineration, landfill: Incinerate by atomizing into a suitable combustion
chamber. Bury adsorbed waste in an approved landfill.
1. ABSORBING IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH OR SIMILAR MATERIAL &
DISPOSING IN SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL. 2. ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION
CHAMBER.
Good candidate for liquid injection incineration, with a temperature range of
650 to 1600 deg C, and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good
candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1600
deg C, and a residence time of seconds. Additionally, a good candidate for
fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C, and a
residence time of seconds. /From table/
n-Butyl alcohol is a waste chemical
stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled
incineration. /From table/
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 100 ppm (300
mg/cu m).
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL Ceiling limit: 50 ppm (150 mg/cu m), skin designation,
is still enforced in some states.
Threshold Limit Values:
Ceiling Limit 50 ppm, skin
Notice of Intended Change for 2000: These substances, with their
corresponding values and notations, comprise those for which a limit has been
proposed for the first time or for which a change in the Adopted listing has
been proposed. In each case, the proposed values should be considered trial
values for the year following ratification by the ACGIH Board of Directors. If,
during the year, no evidence comes t light that questions the appropriateness of
these proposals, the value will be reconsidered for adoption as TLVs. Time
Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 50 ppm.
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: (15 Min) Ceiling value: 50 ppm (150 mg/cu m)
[skin].
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
1400 ppm [Based on 10% of the lower explosion limit for safety considerations
even though the relevant toxicological data indicated irreversible health
effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
Max allowable concn (MAC) USSR 10 mg/cu m
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
... is employed as a solvent for paints, lacquers & varnishes, natural
& synthetic resins, gums, vegetable oils, dyes & alkaloids. It is used
as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals & chemicals, &
employed in industries producing artificial leather, textiles, safety glass,
rubber cement, shellac, raincoats, photographic films & perfumes.
MEDICATION (VET)
Solvent for oils & fats, waxes, resins, shellac, varnishes & rubbers;
raw material for butyl acetate
CHEM INT FOR ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER, PLASTICIZERS INCL DIBUTYL
PHTHALATE; CHEM INT FOR BUTYLAMINES, 2,4-D ESTERS
REPORTED USES: NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 12 PPM; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 1.0 PPM;
ICE CREAM, ICES, ETC 7.0 PPM; CANDY 34 PPM; BAKED GOODS 32 PPM; CREAM 4.0 PPM
MEDICATION
Manufacture of hydraulic fluids; detergent formulations; dehydrating agent;
intermediate for glycol ethers; preparation of esters, especially butyl acetate
Used in alkyd resin coatings; provide diluent for formulating brake fluids
suitable for use in passenger cars; used as an extractant in the mfr of
antibiotics, vitamins, & hormones
As stabilizing agent.
Application in surface coatings; in adhesive & as a solvent adhesive in
the manufacture of garments from polyvinyl butyral coated fabric; in the
manufacture of derivatives of butyl alcohol, incl
chemicals, herbicides, ore flotation agents, urea & melamine formaldehyde
resins, & pharmaceuticals. Denatured alcohol, a swelling agent in textiles,
is also used as an azeotrophic dehydrating agent & blending agent in
laboratory analysis.
... In microscopy for preparing paraffin imbedding materials.
Manufacturers:
BASF Corp., 3000 Continental Drive-North, Mount Olive, NJ 07828-1234, (973)
426-2600; Production site: Freeport, TX 77541
Celanese LTD., 86 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, (972) 443-4000; Production
site: Baytown, TX 77520
CONDEA Vista Co., 900 Threadneedle, Houston, TX 77079-2900, (281) 588-3000;
Production site: Lake Charles, LA 70669
Eastman Chemical Co., P.O. Box 511, Kingsport, TN 37662, (423) 229-2196;
Production site: Longview, TX 75607
Shell Chemical Co., One Shell Plaza, P.O. Box 2463 Houston, TX 77252-2463,
(713) 241-6161; Production site: Deer Park, TX 77536
Texmark Chemicals, 900 Clinton Drive, Galena Park, TX 77547, (713) 455-1206;
Production site: Galena Park, TX 77547
Union Carbide Corp., 39 Old Ridgebury Rd., Danbury, CT 06817-0001, (203)
794-2000; Production sites: Texas City, TX 77590; Taft, LA 70057
Methods of Manufacturing:
The prinicipal commercial source of 1-butanol
is n-butraldehyde, obtained from the oxo reaction of propylene, followed by
hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst. ... produced from ethanol via
successive dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde, followed by an aldol process.
... OBTAINED BY FERMENTATION OF GLYCEROL, MANNITE, STARCHES, & SUGARS IN
GENERAL, USING BACILLUS BUTYLICUS SOMETIMES SYNERGIZED BY PRESENCE OF
CLOSTRIDIUM ACETOBUTYRICUM, SYNTHETICALLY, FROM ACETYLENE.
... manufacture from ethylene oxide and triethylaluminum ... manufacture by
carbohydrate fermentation, by hydrogenation of butyraldehyde, from
crotonaldehyde.
Ethyl alcohol may be converted directly to 1-butanol
at 325 deg C and 13 MPa (128 atm) over magnesium oxide/copper oxide. A mixture
of butanol, hexyl and octyl alcohols,
acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and crontonaldehyde is obtained when ethanol and
hydrogen are passed over magnesium oxide at 200 deg C and 10 MPa (99 atm). Butyl
bromide can be hydrolyzed at 130-180 deg C at 350-700 kPa (3.5-6.9 atm) to give
a mixture of butanol and dibutyl
ether; the dibutyl ether can be converted to 81% butanol
by heating with 48% aq hydrobromic acid in an autoclave at 150 deg C. An 82%
yield of 1-butanol can be obtained
from a low temp reduction of n-butyraldehyde with sodium borohydride. At 200-300
deg C and 10 MPa (99 atm), furan has been reduced in the presence of copper
chromite-barium chromite catalyst to butanol
in 70% yields.
... Ethylmagnesium chloride undergoes reaction with two equivalents of
ethylene oxide to yield both n-butyl alcohol (80%
yield) and ethylene chlorohydrin (70% yield) ... .
Formulations/Preparations:
GRADE OR PURITY: 99+%
ACS reagent grade
Impurities:
0.10% water by wt (max)
Consumption Patterns:
20% AS A SOLVENT FOR SURFACE COATINGS; 14% FOR SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOL ETHERS
(INCL ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER); 12% FOR PLASTICIZERS (INCL DIBUTYL
PHTHALATE); 20% FOR N-BUTYL ACETATE; 10% EXPORTED; 7% FOR SYNTHESIS OF N-BUTYL
ACRYLATE; 15% FOR MISC APPLCNS (INCL SYNTHESIS OF BUTYLAMINES AND 2,4-D ESTERS)
(1972)
30% FOR BUTYL ACRYLATES AND METHACRYLATE; 23% FOR GLYCOL ETHERS; 12.5% FOR
BUTYL ACETATE; 12.5% FOR SOLVENT; 8% FOR PLASTICIZERS; 5% FOR AMINO RESINS; 1%
FOR AMINES; 1% MISCELLANEOUS; 7% FOR EXPORTS (1984)
CHEMICAL PROFILE: n-Butanol.
Butylacrylate and methacrylate, 28%; glycol ethers, 20%; solvent use, 12%; butyl
acetate, 10%; plasticizers, 6%; amino resins, 3%; amines, 1%; miscellaneous, 2%;
exports, 18%.
CHEMICAL PROFILE: n-Butanol.
Demand: 1986: 1,000 million lb; 1987: 1,100 million lb; 1991 /projected/: 1,150
million lb (Includes exports; imports are negligible).
Demand: (1998) 1.8 billion lb; (1999) 1.85 billion lb; (2000) 2 billion lb
U. S. Production:
(1972) 2.68X10+11 G
(1975) 2.22X10+11 G
(1984) 4.12X10+11 g
(1986) 8.57X10+8 lb
(1987) 1.15X10+9 lb
(1992) 1.26 billion lb
(1993) 1.33 billion lb
U. S. Imports:
(1972) NEGLIGIBLE
(1975) 1.48X10+10 G
(1984) 4.69X10+8 g
(1986) 1.71X10+5 lb /Butyl alcohol, NSPF/
(1998) 25 million lb
U. S. Exports:
(1972) 2.68X10+10 G
(1975) 2.99X10+10 G
(1984) 1.83X10+10 g
(1987) 1.77X10+7 lb
(1988) 1.13X10+7 lb
Annual average exports for 1994-1998 were 286 million lb
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
N-BUTANOL CAN BE SEPARATED FROM
BIOLOGICAL LIQ AFTER INJECTION ONTO PACKED GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC COLUMNS ...
SEPARATED VOLATILE COMPONENT MAY BE IDENTIFIED BY ITS GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC
RETENTION TIME & QUANTITATED BY MEANS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPH DETECTOR
RESPONSE. N-BUTANOL HAS A RELATIVE
RETENTION TIME OF 6.60 MIN (ETHANOL= 1.9 MIN).
The detection of n-butanol in
50-100 ul blood serum is performed by capillary gas chromatograpy. Detection
limit is 10 ug/l.
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
OSW Method 8260B. Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry (GC/MS): Capillary Column Technique. No detection limit.
OSW Method 8015B. Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID. No detection limit.
NIOSH Method 1401. Determination of Alcohols by Gas Chromatography, Using a
Flame Ionization Detector. Detection limit 1 mg/cu m.
A modified variant of the purge-and-trap gas chromatographic analysis of
volatile organic carbon compounds in water was designed. Samples ... are purged
... in an ultrapure helium gas stream using an open loop arrangement. Volatile
eluates are trapped onto selective adsorbents packed inside stainless steel
tubes connected in series. After stripping, ... the adsorbent tubes are
disconnected, fitted with analytical desorption caps and sequentially desorbed
... on a thermal desorber. The desorbed organics are trapped ... on a packed
cold trap prior to flash volatilization of the volatiles across a fused silica
transfer line onto a capillary column. The method /uses/ flame ionization and
ion trap detection and is capable of quantitation down to 5 ng/l per component.
The recoveries of n-butyl alcohol from
water at 30 and 60 deg C were 58 and 84%, respectively.
Sampling Procedures:
... Sampling ... may be performed by collection of n-butyl
alcohol vapors using an adsorption tube.
A SIMPLIFIED QUANTITATIVE METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR COLLECTION OF ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS IN AIR ON A POROUS POLYMER TRAP.
NIOSH 1401: Analyte: n-butyl alcohol; Matrix:
air; Sampler: solid sorbent tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg); Flow
rate: 0.01 to 0.2 l/min; Vol: min: 1 l, max: 10 l; Stability: unknown; store in
freezer /Alcohols II, n-butyl alcohol/
Special References:
Special Reports:
Brusewitz S, Wennberg A; Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen (1984). Criteria document for
setting exposure limits for butanol
and butyl acetate.
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
ALCOOL BUTYLIQUE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
N-BUTANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
N-BUTAN-1-OL
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTAN-1-OL
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTANOLEN (DUTCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTANOL (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTANOLO (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTYL ALCOHOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTYL HYDROXIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTYLOWY ALKOHOL (POLISH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
BUTYRIC ALCOHOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
CCS 203
**PEER REVIEWED**
FEMA NUMBER 2178
**PEER REVIEWED**
HEMOSTYP
**PEER REVIEWED**
1-HYDROXYBUTANE
**PEER REVIEWED**
METHYLOLPROPANE
**PEER REVIEWED**
NBA
**PEER REVIEWED**
NORMAL PRIMARY BUTYL ALCOHOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
PROPYLCARBINOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
PROPYLMETHANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
GRADE OR PURITY: 99+%
ACS reagent grade
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1120; Butanol
IMO 3.3; Butanol
NA 1120; Butyl alcohol
Standard Transportation Number:
49 091 17; Butyl alcohol
49 091 17; n-butyl alcohol
EPA Hazardous Waste Number:
U031; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or
manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical
product or manufacturing chemical intermediate.
F003; A hazardous waste from nonspecific sources when a spent solvent.
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/EO1400000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 48
Last Revision Date: 20020213
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 5/10/2001
http://www.nycwasteless.com/gov-bus/citysense/edefinitions.htm
Acute Health Effects:
Can irritate skin, causing a burning sensation or rash on contact. Can irritate
and burn eyes, leading to tearing and damage. Inhalation can cause coughing,
wheezing, and shortness of breath, headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness;
higher levels can cause unconsciousness and irregular heartbeat.
Chronic Health Effects:
Repeated contact may cause drying and cracking of skin. Exposure can damage
liver, heart, kidneys, hearing, and sense of balance.
N-butyl
Alcohol
... Health effects: Exposure to n-butyl alcohol
can cause death from respiratory
failure and cardiac failure. Exposure can occur through ...
http://www.nsc.org/library/chemical/N-butyla.htm
More Results From: www.nsc.org
BUTYL
ALCOHOL, NORMAL
... CAS No Percent Hazardous -----
n-Butyl Alcohol 71-36 ... Potential Health Effects
...
http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/b5860.htm
More Results From: www.jtbaker.com
Erowid
Alcohol Vault : Info #5 - n-Butyl Alcohol
... HAZARD INFORMATION Acute Health Effects The following
acute (short term) health
effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to n-Butyl
Alcohol: * ...
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/alcohol/alcohol_info5.shtml
More Results From: www.erowid.org
Product
Lines Application Guide Solvent Physical Properties ...
... 3, 1, 2. n-Butyl Alcohol, 2, 3, 1, 3. n-Butyl
... 4, 1, 1. Petroleum Ether, 1, 4, 1, 1.
n-Propyl Alcohol, ... Susceptibility for causing adverse acute or
chronic health effects ...
http://www.bandj.com/BJProduct/HealthSafety/Health2.html
More Results From: www.bandj.com
tec:
Publishing Item: Details: Solvents: health effects
... 6 Methyl alcohol 1, 4, 11 Propyl alcohol 1 Butyl alcohol
1, 11 Methyl ethyl ketone
1a 150 Methyl n-butyl ... that it is safe, nor are all the health
effects ...
http://www.nccnsw.org.au/member/tec/projects/tcye/detail/Household/Solv_healt_42.html
CHEMICAL
REFERENCE FOR N-BUTANOL
... 1-BUTANOL ; N-BUTYL ALCOHOL The ... and
Toxics (OPPT) Chemical Fact Sheets provide a
summary on chemical exposure, health and environmental effects ...
http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/emci/chemref/71363.html
More Results From: www.epa.gov
Matheson
Tri-Gas MSDS N-Butyl Alcohol
... SECTION 2 COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS COMPONENT: N-BUTYL
ALCOHOL CAS ... Vapor
may cause flash fire. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: INHALATION ...
http://www.matheson-trigas.com/msds/NButylAlcohol.htm
More Results From: www.matheson-trigas.com
n-Butyl
Alcohol
... NAME: n-Butyl Alcohol SYNONYM(s): Butyl alcohol;
1 ... corneal inflammation, blurred vision,
lacrimation, photophobia; dry, cracked skin HEALTH EFFECTS ...
http://www.osha-slc.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_222900.html
More Results From: www.osha-slc.gov
Custom
Agricultural Formulators: Products: Spray Adjuvants: ...
... Chemical CAS Number TLV or PEL. Ethoxylated Alcohol Phosphate N-Butyl
Alcohol
71-36-3 100/ppm III. ... V. PHYSIOLOGICAL & HEALTH EFFECTS.
...
http://www.customagformulators.com/spray/blender.htm
n-Butyl
Alcohol
n-Butyl Alcohol. 10/29/86. ... Health. Effects:
Inhalation: May cause dizziness
or unconsciousness. Skin: May cause irritation. ...
http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/b/nbutyl_alcohol.htm
More Results From: www.camd.lsu.edu
Glassodur-Special
Converter for 21-Line (PDF)
... Butyl acetate 123-86-4 40-60 n-Butyl alcohol
71-36-3 20-30 Ingredients determined
not to be hazardous to 100 HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION Health Effects
Acute ...
http://www.health.adelaide.edu.au/ComMed/consulting/eap/522-44.pdf
More Results From: www.health.adelaide.edu.au
Air
Quality: The Need For Action
... 1,301,219. Chronic Toxicity, Environmental Toxicity. N-Butyl
Alcohol. ... Toxics Release
Inventory Database, 1999; human health and environmental effects ...
http://www.texasep.org/html/air/air_1nfa.html
Consumer
Information: 1996-06 Toxic Air Contaminant ... (PDF)
... in this evaluation include carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health
effects ... Molybdenum
trioxide Bromine compounds (inorganic) n-Butyl alcohol
Butyl ...
http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/appendxa.pdf
More Results From: www.arb.ca.gov
Air
... Direct health effects. ... ranking of air
emission MODERATE priority contaminants based
on health ... Acetic acid, Ammonia. Bromine, Butyl acrylate, n-Butyl
alcohol. ...
http://environment-network.com/training/aspects/concerns/air.htm
C-Health
- Disease in Depth
... 10 Aluminum Lake, n-butyl alcohol, propylene ...
3A alcohol, pharmaceutical shellac, ethyl
alcohol, isopropyl alcohol ... Other reported side effects
include: dizziness; ...
http://www.mediresource.net/canoe/health/DrugInfo.asp?BrandNameID=348
More Results From: www.mediresource.net
Material
Safety Data Sheet (PDF)
... PEL TLV Acetone 67-64-1 1000 ppm 500 ppm n-Butyl Alcohol
71 ... Routes of Exposure: Inhalation
Skin Contact Eye Contact Potential Acute Health Effects ...
http://www.zinsser.com/pdf/MSDS/_spraysh.pdf
More Results From: www.zinsser.com
Alcohol
Basic Health Information: facts1: basic facts about alcohol. alcohol-effects.html:
specific effects related to the blood alcohol concentration;
aging-and-alcohol ...
http://paranoia.lycaeum.org/alcohol/
BYPRODUCT
AND RECYCLED SOLVENTS FOR SALE
... Like all chlorinated solvents, it has now been associated with
untoward health effects
and is rarely used in consumer products. ... n-BUTYL ALCOHOL
...
http://www.chem-surf.com/recycling/solvents.html
MATERIAL
SAFETY DATA SHEET Conductive carbon paint (PDF)
... Hexylene Glycol 107-41-5 3% n-Butyl ...
Dimethoxymethane 109-87-5 1% tert-Butyl Alcohol
75 ... 2 Conductive carbon paint HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION Health
Effects ...
http://www.proscitech.com/msds/i003.pdf
Joan
Rothlein, PhD
... EM (1977) Biochemical and cytogenic effects in ... Health
3:769-1076. ... Gasoline, Acrolein,
Chlorine, tert-Butyl Alcohol ... Hydrogen Cyanide, Methyl
Chloride, Methyl n ...
http://www.ohsu.edu/croet/rothlein/rothlein.html
Great Lakes Chemical Corporation and the Pathfinders Camp