Methyl Acetate
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~wbMDWB:1
METHYL ACETATE
CASRN: 79-20-9
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
IRRITATING TO RESPIRATORY TRACT AND, IN HIGH
CONCENTRATIONS ... /SRP: CNS DEPRESSANT/.
CASES OF SLIGHT POISONING UNDER INDUSTRIAL
CONDITIONS ... WERE MANIFESTED BY HEADACHE, DROWSINESS, VERTIGO, EYE BURNS,
LACRIMATION, PALPITATION, CONSTRICTED FEELING IN CHEST AND DYSPNEA. ONE CASE OF
BLINDNESS HAS BEEN REPORTED.
... OCULAR AND NERVOUS DISTURBANCES /HAVE BEEN
REPORTED/ IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO ... VAPOR.
IN MAN 10000 PPM OR 30 MG/L FOR A SHORT TIME
CAUSED IRRITATION WHICH PERSISTED AFTER EXPOSURE STOPPED. /FROM TABLE/
NO CASES OF IRRITATION OR SYSTEMIC INJURY HAVE
BEEN REPORTED FROM INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURES AT OR BELOW 200 PPM.
Overexposure to methyl
acetate may cause irritation of the nose, throat, and eyes. Headache,
drowsiness, and unconsciousness are also possible. (Several cases of disturbance
of vision have been reported from overexposure to this chemical.)
The vapor of methyl acetate is
mildly irritating to the upper respiratory tract and in higher concentrations,
to the eyes. Upon absorption, methyl acetate may be
hydrolyzed with the liberation of methanol. The systemic effects, especially the
chronic effects, may therefore be similar to those of methanol, and could
include atrophy of the optic nerve.
In man, high concentrations of vapor cause
irritation to the eyes and mucous membranes. Cases of slight poisoning under
industrial conditions have been known. These were manifested by headache,
drowsiness, vertigo, eye burns, lacrimation, palpitation, a constricted feeling
in the chest and dyspnea. One case of blindness has been reported but no case of
lethal poisoning.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Vapor is irritating to eyes, nose &
throat. Liquid irritates eyes ...
Populations at Special Risk:
Employees /with chronic respiratory, skin,
liver, or kidney disease may be/ at increased risk from methyl
acetate.
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-83) has statistically
estimated that 17,851 workers (4038 of these are female) are exposed to methyl
acetate in the USA, 92% of which are exposed during the use of trade name
compounds in which methyl acetate is contained(1). The
probable routes of occupational exposure to methyl acetate are
by inhalation and dermal contact during the production and use of this
compound(SRC). The general public is likely to be exposed to methyl
acetate by the ingestion of foods(2-6) or distilled alcoholic beverages
in which it is contained(7,8). Limited monitoring data(9) indicate that the
general population has the potential to be exposed to methyl
acetate by the ingestion of contaminated drinking water(SRC).
Body Burden:
Workers from a plastic button manufacturing
site were exposed to methyl acetate with an overall
exposure (measured in urine samples) of 9.7 ppm with a maximum exposure of 93.8
ppm(1).
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
CATS EXPOSED TO 53790 PPM (163 MG/L) FOR 14-18
MIN SHOWED IRRITATION, SALIVATION, DYSPNEA, CONVULSIONS IN 50%, CNS DEPRESSION,
DEATH IN 1-9 MIN & PULMONARY EDEMA. 34980 PPM (106 MG/L) FOR 29-30 MIN
PRODUCED IRRITATION, SALIVATION, DYSPNEA, CONVULSIONS IN 50%, CNS DEPRESSION
& LATERAL EMPHYSEMA OR EDEMA. /FROM TABLE/
IN CATS 6600 PPM OR 20 MG/L FOR 6 HR/DAY FOR 8
DAYS PRODUCED WEIGHT LOSS, WEAKNESS, & SLOW RECOVERY. /FROM TABLE/
CATS EXPOSED TO 18480 PPM (56 MG/L) FOR 4 TO
4.5 HR SHOWED EYE IRRITATION, DYSPNEA, CNS DEPRESSION, & VOMITING &
CONVULSIONS IN 50%; AT 9900 PPM (30 MG/L) FOR 10 HR, EYE IRRITATION, SALIVATION
& SOMNOLENCE; 5000 PPM (15 MG/L) FOR 20 MIN, EYE IRRITATION &
SALIVATION. /FROM TABLE/
ORALLY ADMIN HIGH CONCN OF ACETATES TO RABBITS
APPEARED TO CAUSE LOSS OF COORDINATION IN DECR ORDER: ETHYL= ISOPROPYL >
BUTYL > METHYL= ISOAMYL ACETATE. THIS MAY BE DUE TO RAPID HYDROLYSIS INTO
ACETIC ACID & CORRESPONDING ALCOHOLS, CAUSING SIMULTANEOUS DECR OF BLOOD
PCO2 & PO2.
A number of aprotic solvents /including methyl
acetate/ which had previously been found to induce mitotic aneuploidy in
yeast were tested for their effects on reassembly of twice recycle tubulin from
pig brain. Some of the solvents which were strong aneuploidy inducing mutagens
in yeast slowed down tubulin assembly in vitro at concentrations lower than
those required for aneuploidy induction.
Cats exposed at 5000 ppm methyl
acetate experienced ocular irritation and salivation within 20 min; after
inhaling 18,500 ppm, the cats showed dyspnea, convulsions, and narcosis with
slow recovery; inhalation of 54,000 ppm was lethal within 1 to 9 min.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rabbit oral 3.7 g/kg. /From table/
Ecotoxicity Values:
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 399
mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 378-422 mg/l). /Conditions of bioassay not
specified/
EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 399
mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 378-422 mg/l). Affected fish lost schooling
behavior, swam near the surface, & had increased respiration. Equilibrium
loss was not observed prior to death. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 320
mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 295-348 mg/l.) /Conditions of bioassay not
specified/
EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 320
mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 295-348 mg/l). Hemorrhaging occurred along the
flesh line above swim bladder in stressed & dead fish. Affected fish lost
equilibrium prior to death. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
... WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS /IT HAS BEEN SHOWN/
THAT METABOLIC HYDROLYSIS ... TO METHANOL & ACETIC ACID PROCEEDS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO EXPOSURE LEVEL.
IN NORMAL SUBJECTS (EXPOSED TO 200 PPM, 2
HR/EXPOSURE, TWICE/DAY FOR 3-4 DAYS) URINARY EXCRETION OF METHANOL INCR DURING
1ST EXPOSURE & REACHED MAX DURING 2ND EXPOSURE. MAX GENERALLY EXCEEDED 10
MG/L & THE METHANOL LEVEL WAS RESTORED TO NORMAL BY NEXT MORNING.
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
BECAUSE OF ... RELATIVELY GOOD SOLUBILITY IN
PLASMA, /ALIPHATIC ESTERS/ ... READILY PASS THROUGH ALVEOLI. THOSE WITH HIGHER
WATER SOLUBILITY PRESUMABLY HAVE HIGHER BLOOD-AIR DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS
& REACH SATURATION MORE SLOWLY. ... PARTLY EXCRETED IN EXHALED AIR &
URINE & PARTLY METABOLIZED. /ALIPHATIC ESTERS/
ON EXPOSURE TO METHANOL OR METHYL
ACETATE (200 PPM, 2 HR/EXPOSURE, TWICE/DAY FOR 3-4 DAYS), URINARY
EXCRETION OF METHANOL INCR. URINARY METHANOL MAY SERVE AS INDICATOR FOR METHANOL
& METHYL ACETATE EXPOSURE.
Interactions:
Rats were exposed (at 10,000 ppm in ambient
air) to a thinner containing toluene (52.8%), isopropyl alcohol (21.7%), methyl
acetate (12.6%), ethyl acetate (3.4%), butyl acetate (3.2%), methyl
isobutyl ketone (3.4%), & methanol (2.9%) in a plastic container for 10 min
at 10 min intervals (2 times/day, 6 days/wk, for 12-14 mo). Body wt gain was
suppressed compared to controls. Electron microscopic exam of slices of the
cerebral cortex showed incr abnormal cristae of mitochondria in the neuron &
axon & incr number of endoplasmic reticula & ribosomes & dilated
Golgi apparatus in the neuron. Incr lysosomes & lipid materials were
observed in neuron, suggesting a degenerative process.
Pharmacology:
Interactions:
Rats were exposed (at 10,000 ppm in ambient
air) to a thinner containing toluene (52.8%), isopropyl alcohol (21.7%), methyl
acetate (12.6%), ethyl acetate (3.4%), butyl acetate (3.2%), methyl
isobutyl ketone (3.4%), & methanol (2.9%) in a plastic container for 10 min
at 10 min intervals (2 times/day, 6 days/wk, for 12-14 mo). Body wt gain was
suppressed compared to controls. Electron microscopic exam of slices of the
cerebral cortex showed incr abnormal cristae of mitochondria in the neuron &
axon & incr number of endoplasmic reticula & ribosomes & dilated
Golgi apparatus in the neuron. Incr lysosomes & lipid materials were
observed in neuron, suggesting a degenerative process.
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Methyl acetate's production
and use mainly as a solvent and as a chemical intermediate may result in its
release to the environment through various waste streams. It also naturally
occurs in certain plants. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 216 mm Hg at
25 deg C indicates methyl acetate will exist solely as
a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase methyl acetate will
be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl
radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 47 to 94
days. If released to soil, methyl acetate is expected
to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 30. Volatilization
from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon
a Henry's Law constant of 1.15X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soils
may occur based on the vapor pressure of this compound. Limited data suggest
that methyl acetate is expected to biodegrade in both
soil and water under both aerobic(5 day BOD from 26 to >95% biodegradation)
and anaerobic (rate of biodegradation= 16.6 ppm C/day) conditions. Hydrolysis of
methyl acetate in soil and water is not expected to be
a significant process except in highly basic soils with a pH >9. If released
into water, methyl acetate is not expected to adsorb to
suspended solids and sediment in water based on the estimated Koc.
Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process
based on its Henry's Law constant. The half-life for volatilization from a model
river and a model pond is 9 hr and 5 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 0.8
suggests that the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.
Occupational exposure to methyl acetate may occur
through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where methyl
acetate is produced or used. The general public is likely to be exposed
to methyl acetate through the ingestion of foods or
alcoholic beverages containing this compound. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-83) has statistically
estimated that 17,851 workers (4038 of these are female) are exposed to methyl
acetate in the USA, 92% of which are exposed during the use of trade name
compounds in which methyl acetate is contained(1). The
probable routes of occupational exposure to methyl acetate are
by inhalation and dermal contact during the production and use of this
compound(SRC). The general public is likely to be exposed to methyl
acetate by the ingestion of foods(2-6) or distilled alcoholic beverages
in which it is contained(7,8). Limited monitoring data(9) indicate that the
general population has the potential to be exposed to methyl
acetate by the ingestion of contaminated drinking water(SRC).
Body Burden:
Workers from a plastic button manufacturing
site were exposed to methyl acetate with an overall
exposure (measured in urine samples) of 9.7 ppm with a maximum exposure of 93.8
ppm(1).
Natural Pollution Sources:
... IN ... GRAPE, BANANA, & CITRUS MAXIMA,
& IN COFFEE; ALSO IDENTIFIED IN RUM ETHER.
... IN MINT & FUNGUS.
Methyl acetate may be
released to the environment from natural sources. It has been detected as a
volatile constituent of nectarines(1) and Kiwi fruit flowers(2).
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Methyl acetate's production
and use as a solvent for cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetates, resins and oils,
in the manufacture of artificial leathers, synthetic flavorings, and in organic
synthesis(1,2), and as a chemical intermediate (3) may result in its release to
the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification
scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 30(SRC), determined from a log Kow value(2)
and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that methyl
acetate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).
Volatilization of methyl acetate from moist soil
surfaces is expected to be important(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of
1.15X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of methyl
acetate from dry soil surfaces may exist based on a vapor pressure of 216
mm Hg(5). Limited data suggest that methyl acetate may
biodegrade in soil under both aerobic(6,7), and anaerobic(8-10) conditions.
Hydrolysis of methyl acetate in soil is not expected to
be a significant process except in highly basic soils with a pH >9, as
hydrolysis rate constants indicate that this process will be too slow to be
environmentally significant under acidic, neutral, and slightly basic
conditions(11,12,SRC).
AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, methyl
acetate is expected to volatilize to the atmosphere. Based on its Henry's
Law constant, 1.15X10-4 atm cu-m/mole at 20 deg C(1), the half-life for
volatilization from a model river and a model pond is 9 hr and 5 days,
respectively(2,SRC). Limited data suggest that methyl acetate will
biodegrade in aquatic systems under both aerobic(3,4), and anaerobic(5-7)
conditions. Based on a classification scheme(8), an estimated Koc value of
30(SRC), determined from a log Kow value(9) and a regression-derived
equation(2), indicates that methyl acetate is not
expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Hydrolysis of
methyl acetate in aquatic systems is not expected to be
a significant process except under basic conditions of pH >9, as hydrolysis
rate constants indicate that this process will be too slow to be environmentally
significant under acidic, neutral, and slightly basic conditions(10,11,SRC).
According to a classification scheme(12), an estimated BCF of 0.8(2,SRC), from a
log Kow value(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic
organisms is low(SRC).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of
gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the
atmosphere(1), methyl acetate, which has a vapor
pressure of 216 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in
the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase methyl acetate is
degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl
radicals(3-6); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to range from
47 to 94 days(SRC). Laboratory experiments have indicated that methyl
acetate has the potential to undergo atmospheric oxidations at a rate
equal to 55% removal in 24 hr when irradiated at 250 nm(7) When irradiated at
360 nm, the rate increases to 90% removal after 6 hrs(5). The relatively high
water solubility of methyl acetate, 2.435X10+5 mg/l at
20 deg C(8), suggests that this compound may be removed from the atmosphere by
wet deposition(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation:
Pure cultures of Alcaligenes faecalis,
isolated from activated sludge, were found to oxidize methyl
acetate after a short lag period(1). A five day BOD for methyl
acetate was given as 26% using a sewage seed(2). Greater than 95%
degradation was reported for methyl acetate in a 5 day
BOD test(3). Methyl acetate was listed as a compound
which should be amenable to biological degradation in wastewater treatment by
anaerobic biotechnology(4). Methyl acetate was found to
undergo greater than 66% anaerobic biodegradation to methane in 90 days using an
anaerobic digester seed acclimated to acetic acid(5). Methyl
acetate, initially at 50 ppm C, was completely biodegraded in anaerobic
aquifer slurries at a rate of 16.6 ppm C/day(6); an acclimation period ranging
from 0 to 15 days was reported(6).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction
of methyl acetate with photochemically-produced
hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.7-3.41X10-13 cu
cm/molecule-sec(1,2,3,4). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life ranging
from 47 to 94 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per
cu cm(5). These values correspond to a removal rate of 0.06% per hr for this
reaction(6). Laboratory irradiation of 10 ppm methyl acetate and
air in a quartz vessel at 250 nm resulted in 55% removal by photo-oxidation
after 24 hr(7). An identical experiment at 360 nm resulted in 90% removal after
6 hrs(7).
A second-order rate constant for the basic
hydrolysis of methyl acetate in water at 25 deg C,
0.182 L/mole-s(1), corresponds to half-lives of 44 days, 4.4 days, and 10.6 hrs
at pH 8, 9 and 10, respectively(SRC). A second order rate constant for the basic
hydrolysis of methyl acetate in water at 25 deg C,
0.147 L/mole-sec(2), corresponds to half-lives of 54 days and 5.4 days at pH 8
and 9, respectively(SRC). In general, alkyl esters are resistant to hydrolysis
under the acidic or neutral conditions(3).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF of 0.8 was calculated for methyl
acetate(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.18(1) and a regression-derived
equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the
potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of methyl acetate is
estimated as approximately 30(SRC), using a log Kow value of 0.18(1) and a
regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a classification scheme(3),
this estimated Koc value suggests that methyl acetate is
expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for methyl
acetate was measured as 5.11X10-4 atm cu-m/mole(1). This Henry's Law
constant indicates that methyl acetate is expected to
volatilize from water surfaces(2,SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the
estimated volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1
m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 9 hours(2,SRC).
The estimated volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05
m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 5 days(2,SRC). Methyl
acetate's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from
moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of methyl
acetate from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based on a vapor pressure
of 216 mm Hg(3).
Environmental Water Concentrations:
DRINKING WATER: Methyl
acetate was detected, but not quantified, in the drinking water of
Seattle, WA, in 1974(1).
SURFACE WATER: Methyl
acetate was qualitatively detected in a waste pond from an abandoned
pesticide plant located on the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, CO, 1981(1).
Effluent Concentrations:
Methyl acetate was
detected as a trace organic constituent of the waste stream from industrial
chemical processes, 1972-73(1). It was qualitatively identified in the effluent
gas from refuse waste obtained from a food center in an experiment designed to
determine the gases emitted from decaying waste matter at refuse sites,
landfills, and trash transfer sites(2). Methyl acetate was
measured in active compost blower exhaust at 144 ug/cu-m from a wastewater
treatment sludge/wood chip compost pile(3). This compound was identified as a
volatile organic found in kitchen waste, kitchen waste exudate, and stored food
exudate samples(4), in 4 of 4 biodegradable waste samples (at 0.1 to 1 mg/cu m)
and 5 of 7 mixed kitchen waste samples (at <0.1 mg/cu m)(5), and in garden
waste exudate at unreported concns (6). Methyl acetate was
detected as an emission from the production of RDX at the Holston Army
Ammunition Plant, TN, date not provided, at an emission rate of 733 lbs/day(7).
Atmospheric Concentrations:
SOURCE DOMINATED: Methyl
acetate was qualitatively detected in the air of the industrialized
Kanawha Valley, WV, 1977(1). Methyl acetate was found
in 4 air samples taken from 11 different auto paint shops in Spain at concns
ranging from 12.1 to 80.0 mg/cu m(2). INDOOR AIR: Methyl
acetate was emitted by a carpet with a PVC backing in an environmental
chamber (0.8 ug/sq m-hr in a 24 hr period=specific emission rate)(3).
RURAL/REMOTE: Methyl acetate was identified in forest
air samples collected from the Eggegebirge in North Rhine-Westfalia, Germany, at
unreported concns(4).
Food Survey Values:
Methyl acetate was
reported in fresh grapefruit juice at a concn of 0.026 ppm(1), as a volatile
component of floured chickpea seed at unreported concns(2), in chicken meat
volatiles at unreported concns(3), as a volatile in Cabernet Sauvignon wine from
Napa Valley, CA at unreported concns(4), and in cow milk at unreported
concns(5).
Plant Concentrations:
Methyl acetate was
reported in the volatile fraction from Kiwi fruit flowers at 0.57% of the total
area(1).
Other Environmental Concentrations:
Methyl acetate was
identified as a solvent in a sample of printer's inks at a concn of 0.1%
(W/W)(1).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
TSCA Requirements:
Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of
this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned
with production, use, and exposure to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR
41329.
Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA
promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d)
model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical
substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health
and safety studies. Methyl acetate is included on this
list.
Atmospheric Standards:
This action promulgates standards of
performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect
of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and
reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of
continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non
air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Methyl
acetate is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process
units covered under this subpart.
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(FL) FLORIDA 5,000 ug/l
FDA Requirements:
Methyl acetate is an
indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.
Methyl acetate is a
food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a
synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following
conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their
intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good
manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following,
used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally
recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an
appropriate section in this part.
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C3-H6-O2
Molecular Weight:
74.08
Color/Form:
COLORLESS, VOLATILE LIQUID
Odor:
FRUITY ODOR
Fragrant, fruity odor.
Taste:
FLEETING, FRUITY TASTE
Boiling Point:
56.8 DEG C
Melting Point:
-98 DEG C
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE: 233.7 DEG C; CRITICAL
PRESSURE: 45.3 ATM
Density/Specific Gravity:
0.9342 at 20 deg C/4 deg C
Heat of Combustion:
5,150 cal/g= 9,260 BTU/lb= 215X10+5 J/kg
Heat of Vaporization:
97 cal/g= 174 BTU/lb= 4.1X10+5 J/kg
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 0.18
Solubilities:
MISCIBLE WITH ALCOHOL, ETHER
SOL IN BENZENE, ACETONE, CHLOROFORM
Water solubility= 2.435X10+5 mg/l at 20 deg C
Spectral Properties:
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.3614 AT 20 DEG C/D
IR: 2228 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism
Collection)
UV: 7-11 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data,
Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
NMR: 10261 (Sadtler Research Laboratories
Spectral Collection)
MASS: 81 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John
Wiley & Sons, New York)
Surface Tension:
24 dynes/cm= 0.024 N/m at 20 deg C
Vapor Density:
2.8 (AIR= 1)
Vapor Pressure:
Vapor pressure: 216.2 mm Hg at 25 deg C
Viscosity:
0.484, 0.381 & 0.320 cp at 0, 20 & 40
deg C, respectively
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
CONVERSION FACTORS: 3.02 MG/CU M IS EQUIVALENT
TO 1 PPM
Liquid molar volume= 0.079823 cu m/kmol; IG
Heat of Formation= -4.1190E+8 J/kmol
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Fire or explosion: Highly flammable: Will be
easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures
with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors
are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low confined
areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in
sewers. Those substances labeled "P" may polymerize explosively when
heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion
hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or
absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn
skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution
water may cause pollution.
Public safety: Call Emergency Response
Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 50 to
lOO meters (160 to 330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel
away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before
entering.
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective
clothing will only provide limited protection.
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or
tank truck is involved in a fire, isolate for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all
directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all
directions.
Fire: Caution: All these products have a very
low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small
fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry
chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.
Large fires: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use straight
streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire
involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use
unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding
quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case
of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. Always
stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose
holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let
fire burn.
Spill or leak: Eliminate all ignition sources
(no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used
when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled
material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways,
sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to
reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible
material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect
absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later
disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed
spaces.
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911
or emergency medical service. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not
breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate
contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately
flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with
soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation,
ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical
personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect
themselves.
Odor Threshold:
WATER: 3.0 MG/L; AIR: 4.6 UL/L; ODOR SAFETY
CLASS B; B= 50-90% OF DISTRACTED PERSONS PERCEIVE WARNING OF TLV
610 mg/cu m (odor low), 915 mg/cu m (odor
high).
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Vapor is irritating to eyes, nose &
throat. Liquid irritates eyes ...
Fire Potential:
DANGEROUS WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT, FLAME, OR
OXIDIZERS.
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 1. 1= Materials that, on exposure,
would cause irritation, but only minor residual injury, including those
requiring the use of an approved air-purifying respirator. These materials are
only slightly hazardous to health and only breathing protection is needed.
Flammability: 3. 3= This degree includes Class
IB and IC flammable liquids and materials that can be easily ignited under
almost all normal temperature conditions. Water may be ineffective in
controlling or extinguishing fires in such materials.
Reactivity: 0. 0= This degree includes
materials that are normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and
that do not react with water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.
Flammable Limits:
Lower 3.1%, Upper 16%
Flash Point:
-10 DEG C (14 DEG F) (CLOSED CUP)
22 DEG F (OPEN CUP)
Autoignition Temperature:
850 DEG F, 454 DEG C
Fire Fighting Procedures:
FIGHT FIRE WITH ALCOHOL FOAM, CARBON DIOXIDE,
DRY CHEMICAL ...
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be
stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid
streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding
quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use
"alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Firefighting Hazards:
VAPOR IS HEAVIER THAN AIR & MAY TRAVEL
CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE TO SOURCE OF IGNITION & FLASH BACK.
Explosive Limits & Potential:
LOWER 3.1%, UPPER 16%
Containers may explode in fire. ... Vapor may
explode if ignited in an enclosed area.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Dangerous fire hazard when exposed
to...oxidizers.
Nitrates; strong oxidizers, alkalis &
acids; water Note: Reacts slowly with water to form acetic acid & methanol.
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid
smoke and fumes.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
3100 ppm (Based on 10% of the lower explosion
limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data
indicated that irreversible health efects or impairment of escape existed only
at higher concentrations.)
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
RESPIRATORS ARE RECOMMENDED FOR CONCN ABOVE
THE TLV, & AT RELATIVELY HIGH HUMIDITIES RESPIRATION AIRFLOW RATES SHOULD BE
CHECKED FREQUENTLY.
ODOR THRESHOLD DATA COMPARED WITH TLV DATA TO
IDENTIFY CMPD HAVING ODOR THRESHOLDS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN TLV'S.
RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN FOR USE OF CHEM CARTRIDGE RESPIRATORS DEPENDING UPON
ODOR THRESHOLD/TLV DIFFERENCE.
Air mask or organic mask; goggles or face
shield.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing
to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye
contact.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max
concn for use: 2000 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any chemical cartridge respirator
with organic vapor cartridge(s). May require eye protection. Any supplied-air
respirator. May require eye protection.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max
concn for use: 3100 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator
operated in a continuous flow mode. May require eye protection. Any chemical
cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s). Any
air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or
back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with
organic vapor cartridge(s). May require eye protection. Any self-contained
breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a
full facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection.
Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions:
Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full
facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary
self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection.
Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator
Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a
chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any appropriate
escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear positive-pressure SCBA and protective
equipment specified by references such as the DOT Emergency Response Guidebook
or the CANUTEC Initial Emergency Response Guide. If special chemical protective
clothing is required, consult the chemical manufacturer or specific protective
clothing compatibility charts. Delay entry until trained personnel and proper
protective equipment are available. Remove patient from contaminated area.
Quickly remove and isolate patient's clothing, jewelry, and shoes. Gently blot
excess liquids with absorbent material. Rinse patient with warm water, 30 deg
C/86 deg F, if possible. Wash patient with Tincture of Green soap or a mild
liquid soap and large quantities of water. Refer to decontamination protocol in
Section Three.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should
be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by
personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to
ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented
before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the
workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but
should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
Preventive Measures:
Contact lenses should not be worn when working
with this chemical.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of
contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of
wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors
including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the
exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the
lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or
corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be
harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when
contact lenses are in place.
Vapor hazard index is defined as concn of
saturated vapor divided by TLV multiplied by 1000. The dimension of the vapor
hazard index is temperature dependent and is an indication of vapor hazard
potential. Vapor hazard index= number= 1.1 At 20 deg C.
The worker should immediately wash the skin
when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet should be
immediately removed due to its flammability hazard.
If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is
exposed to direct flame - consider evacuation of one-third mile radius.
Stability/Shelf Life:
VOLATILE
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a
hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is
registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed,
described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required
or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board
pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry
carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting
hazardous materials.
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods
Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed
recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for
good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A
general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should
always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be
used when shipping any substance or article.
Cleanup Methods:
1) REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2) VENTILATE
AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3) FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS.
EVAPORATE IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). ALLOW ... VAPORS TO COMPLETELY
CLEAR HOOD DUCTWORK. BURN ... IN SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE
MATERIALS. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BE COLLECTED & ATOMIZED IN SUITABLE
COMBUSTION CHAMBER. ... /IT/ SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO ENTER CONFINED SPACE, SUCH
AS SEWER, BECAUSE OF POSSIBILITY OF EXPLOSION.
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land
treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to
significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue
(including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for
guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
/PROPOSED METHODS OF DISPOSAL SHOULD BE USED
ON STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS OF THE STATE WHERE DISPOSAL IS TO OCCUR. THE USUAL
METHODS WOULD BE EXPECTED TO INCLUDE:/ 1) BY ABSORBING IT IN VERMICULITE, DRY
SAND, EARTH OR SIMILAR MATERIAL & DISPOSING IN SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL. 2)
BY ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.
Methyl acetate is a
waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by
controlled incineration.
The following wastewater treatment
technologies have been investigated for methyl acetate: Concentration
process: Reverse osmosis.
EXCESS METHYL ACETATE IN
WASTE GASES CAN BE REMOVED BY CATALYTIC OXIDATION.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr
Time Weighted Avg: 200 ppm (610 mg/cu m).
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 200 ppm (610 mg/cu
m); STEL 250 ppm (760 mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states.
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 200 ppm; 15 min
Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 250 ppm.
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr
Time-Weighted Avg: 200 ppm (610 mg/cu m).
Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term
Exposure Limit: 250 ppm (760 mg/cu m).
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
3100 ppm (Based on 10% of the lower explosion
limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data
indicated that irreversible health efects or impairment of escape existed only
at higher concentrations.)
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
West Germany (1974): 200 ppm, East Germany
(1973): 65 ppm; Czechoslovakia (1969): 65 ppm; USSR (1972): 33 ppm.
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
SOLVENT FOR NITROCELLULOSE, ACETYLCELLULOSE,
RESINS & OILS; MFR ARTIFICIAL LEATHER.
CATALYST FOR BIODEGRADATION OF ORG MATERIALS;
IN AGRICULTURE TO SELECTIVELY DESTROY CUCKLEBUR SEEDS.
Flavoring agent useful in rum, brandy,
whiskey; lift for fruit flavors.
Paint remover compounds, laquer solvent,
intermediate, synthetic flavoring.
Used as a chemical intermediate for the
synthesis of chlorophacinone; diphacinone; fenfluramine; o-methoxyphenylacetone;
p-methoxyphenylacetone; methyl cinnamate; methyl cyanoacetate; methyldopa;
phenylacetone
Used in the coal-based production of acetic
anhydride
Manufacturers:
Eastman Chemical Company, P.O. Box 511,
Kingsport TN 37662 (423) 229-2000; Tennessee Eastman Division; Production Site:
Kingsport, TN 37662
Penta Manufacturing Company, 50 Okner Parkway,
Livingston, NJ 07039 (201) 740-2300; Production Site: East Hanover, NJ 07936
Methods of Manufacturing:
The commercial by-product from wood
carbonization /include/ methyl acetate ... derived from
the aqueous phase ... the so-called pyroligneous acid. On distillation,
pyroligneous acid yields wood spirit /which/ on refining, yields ... methyl
acetate.
Derivation: By heating methanol and acetic
acid in the presence of sulfuric acid and distilling
... Manufacture of high purity methyl
acetate ... in a countercurrent reactive distillation column ....
Methanol + carbon monoxide (BASF/Monsanto
carbonylation processes; byproduct of acetic acid production)
Methanol + carbon monoxide (BP acetyls
process; byproduct of acetic acid/acetic anhydride production)
General Manufacturing Information:
IT IS A MAJOR COMPONENT OF METHYL ACETONE, A
MIXED SOLVENT DERIVED FROM DISTILLATION OF WOOD... .
Formulations/Preparations:
It is generally mixed with acetone &
methyl alcohol /when used as solvent/.
Grade: Technical; CP /Chemical Pure: a grade
designation signifying a minimum of impurities; but not 100% purity/
Commonly sold in combination with methanol in
an 80/20 methyl acetate/methanol by-product blend
Impurities:
Acetic acid up to 0.1%
U. S. Production:
(1972) 9.9X10+8 GRAMS (SALES)
(1975) GREATER THAN 2.27X10+6 GRAMS (EST)
Cellulosic solvent, 40%; vinyl solvent, 40%;
Miscellaneous, 20% (1979)
U. S. Imports:
(1983) 2.34X10+6 g
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WAS USED TO DETECT ORGANIC
SOLVENT VAPORS IN AIR FROM DYE & LACQUER INDUSTRY. LOWEST CONCN OF METHYL
ACETATE VAPORS DETECTED WAS 1.0 MG/CU M.
AIR SAMPLES ADSORBED ON CHARCOAL ARE DESORBED
WITH CARBON DISULFIDE, & DETERMINED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; RANGE: 343-1330
MG/CU M.
A colorimetric method utilizes the reaction of
methyl acetate with alkaline hydroxylamine. Absorption
is read spectrometrically at 230 nm.
NIOSH Method 1458. Determination of Methyl
Acetate by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection. Applicable
to air samples. Detection Limit= 0.20 mg/cu m.
Sampling Procedures:
Samples are collected on silica gel or fritted
scrubbers, using ethanol or isopropanol as solvent, but air volumes of 100 to
200 liters are necessary to obtain measurable sample size.
AIR SAMPLES ARE ADSORBED ON CHARCOAL.
Special References:
Special Reports:
USEPA; Health and Environmental Effects
Profile for Methyl Acetate (1989) EPA 600/X-87/027
Tanaka S et al; Industrial Health 34 (2):
125-131 1996. Breakthrough times for vapors of organic solvents with low boiling
points in steady-state and pulsating flows on respirator cartridges.
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Related HSDB Records:
Synonyms:
ACETATE DE METHYLE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
ACETIC ACID, METHYL ESTER
**PEER REVIEWED**
DEVOTON
**PEER REVIEWED**
FEMA NUMBER 2676
**PEER REVIEWED**
METHYLACETAAT (DUTCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
METHYLACETAT (GERMAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
METHYL ACETIC ESTER
**QC REVIEWED**
methyle (acetate de) (French)
**PEER REVIEWED**
METHYLESTER KISELINY OCTOVE (CZECH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
METHYL ETHANOATE
**PEER REVIEWED**
METILE (ACETATO DI) (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
OCTAN METYLU (POLISH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
TERETON
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
It is generally mixed with acetone &
methyl alcohol /when used as solvent/.
Grade: Technical; CP /Chemical Pure: a grade
designation signifying a minimum of impurities; but not 100% purity/
Commonly sold in combination with methanol in
an 80/20 methyl acetate/methanol by-product blend
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
IMO 6.1; Methyl acetate
UN 1231; Methyl acetate
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 95
Last Revision Date: 20030214
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 5/7/1998
Update History:
Complete Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field
added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/31/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/2002, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 10/29/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/11/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/27/1998, 63 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/08/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/27/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/24/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/12/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/27/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/03/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/10/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1996, 9 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/07/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/27/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/10/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/02/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/15/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/08/1991, 77 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 01/28/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/09/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/12/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/08/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/14/1986
GLCC
RELATED TOXIC SUBSTANCES FOUND IN THE CAMP POND AND CAMP WATER WELL 2003 AND
2004
GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORPORATION AND THE PATHFINDERS CAMP