Isoamyl Alcohol
ISOAMYL ALCOHOLHuman Toxicity Excerpts:
Symptoms: Irritation of eyes, mucous membranes
and nausea, vomiting, headache and dizziness; faintness and fatal by long-time
exposure to high concentration.
Short-term Exposure: ... Double vision,
deafness, delerium, and death may occur. Coma, sugar in the urine, and blood
changes have also been reported.
The ingestion of 50-100 ml of isoamyl
alcohol in humans resulted in weakness, pain, burning sensation
in the chest and stomach, nausea, headache; CNS depression and sleep within
10-15 min; terminal coma, and death within 1 hr to 6 days due to asphyxiation.
The exposure of human skin to
3-methyl-1-butanol for 5 min induced erythema in 100% of the 12 human subjects
over the subsequent 60 min.
Ingestion of 30 ml of isoamyl
alcohol was lethal for adults.
... Slight throat irritation /was reported/ in
human volunteers exposed to isoamyl alcohol at
100 ppm for 3 to 5 min; ocular and upper respiratory tract irritation were noted
following exposure at 150 ppm.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Very high vapor concentrations irritate eyes
and upper respiratory tract.
A skin ... irritant
Medical Surveillance:
Employees should be screened for history of
certain medical conditions which might place the employee at increased risk from
isoamyl alcohol exposure. /These
include/ skin disease ... liver disease ... kidney disease ... /and/ chronic
respiratory disease. ... Any employee developing the above-listed conditions
should be referred for further medical examination.
Populations at Special Risk:
Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may
be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. ... In persons with impaired
pulmonary function, expecially those with obstructive airway diseases, the
breathing of isoamyl alcohol might
cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties.
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Workers may be exposed to isopentanol
via inhalation and dermal contact. The general public is exposed to isopentanol
in a variety of foods, including fruit, nuts, and meat, and in indoor air. (SRC)
Body Burden:
In a study in which the exhaled breaths of 26
smokers and 43 non-smokers were analyzed, 16% of the breaths of non-smokers and
77% of that of smokers contained isopentanol(1).
In an earlier study of components of expired air of 8 male volunteers, three of
the eight contained isopentanol and
were expired at 2.6, 0.002, and 0.11 ug/hr(2). Two of these subjects were
smokers(2). The isopentanol was
believed to be of metabolic origin(2). As part of EPA's National Human Adipose
Tissue Survey, 46 composite adipose fat samples were analyzed. Eighty-three
percent of these samples contained isopentanol
ranging from 1.51 to 14.82 ppm(3).
Minimum Fatal Dose Level:
NEAR BORDERLINE BETWEEN TOXICITY CLASSES 3
& 4. 4=VERY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 50-500 MG/KG, BETWEEN 1
TEASPOON & 1 OZ FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). 3= MODERATELY TOXIC: PROBABLE
ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 0.5-5.0 G/KG, BETWEEN 1 OZ & 1 PINT (OR 1 LB) ... .
| Range of Toxicity: |
A) The minimal lethal or toxic dose is not well established.
The estimated acute fatal dose of butanol based on rat
data is 3 to 7 ounces. About 30 mL of tertiary amyl
alcohol was fatal in an adult human case.
YAMINES
|
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Upon absorption by any route, CNS depression
is a major manifestation of toxicity.
RATS TREATED ORALLY & SC WITH ISOAMYL ALC
ONCE OR TWICE WEEKLY FROM 10 WK OF AGE UNTIL DEATH (495-643 DAYS) SHOWED LIVER
CARCINOMAS & SARCOMAS, SPLEEN SARCOMAS, & PROVENTRICULAR CARCINOMAS
& MYELOID LEUKEMIA.
RATS WERE GIVEN DAILY DOSES OF 150, 500 OR
1000 MG ISOAMYL ALC/KG BODY WT FOR 17 WK. NO EFFECTS ASSOC WITH TREATMENT IN
RESULTS OF HEMATOLOGICAL EXAM, SERUM ANALYSES, URINARY CELL COUNTS, RENAL CONCN
TESTS OR ORGAN WT.
3-Methyl-1-butanol inhibits the cytochrome
p450-dependent mixed function oxidases, specifically aniline hydroxylase, in
suspensions of rat liver microsomes.
The dose required to produce an intermediate
level of ataxia (but a lesser dose than the dose required to produce the loss of
the righting reflex) in rats (male, Sprague-Dawley) after ip injection of
3-methyl-1-butanol was 2.3 mmol/kg.
After the oral administration of isoamyl
alcohol to rats, histopathological changes were observed in the
liver (hyperemia, and few degenerative changes in rats dying after 24 hr) and in
the kidney (at higher dosages, tubular necrosis in the cortex and pyknosis in
some tubular cells; at lower dosages, cloudy swelling and cast formation in the
cortex, and a few pyknotic tubular cells in the medulla). The histopathological
changes were more pronounced in the males than in the females.
The daily administration of isoamyl
alcohol (specifically identified as 3-methyl-1-butanol) to male
or female rats (Ash/CSE strain) at dosages of 150, 500 or 1,000 mg
3-methyl-1-butanol/kg for 3, 6 or 17 wk produced no effects on hematological
measurements (hemoglobin content, pack cell volume and counts of erythrocytes,
reticulocytes, total leukocytes), blood chemistry (urea, glucose, total protein,
albumin, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and
lactate dehydrogenase), urinary measurements (urinary volume, specific gravity,
cell counts), or relative organ weights (per 100 g body weight) of brain, heart,
liver, spleen, kidneys, stomach, small intestine, cecum, adrenals, pituitary, or
thyroid. In male rats treated at a dosage of 1,000 mg/kg/day, there were
reported decreases in body weight due to reduced food intake and in testes
relative weight after 3 wk, but not after 6 or 17 wk. The
no-observed-adverse-effect level of 3-methyl-1-butanol was 1,000 mg/kg in this
study.
3-Methyl-1-butanol, after the intermittent
oral administration for 75 wk in the rat (Wistar), caused an increased incidence
of tumors. ... After intermittent subcutaneous administration in the rat for 85
wk, also caused an increase in tumor development.
Among the primary alcohols isobutyl and
isoamyl are undeniably more toxic and more hazardous than the corresponding
straight chain isomers.
Stupor and loss of voluntary movement occurred
in one half of the rabbits given an oral administration of 0.7 g/kg.
Rats survived an 8 hr exposure at 2000 ppm.
Following instillation into the eye of
rabbits, isoamyl alcohol caused severe
burns with moderately severe corneal necrosis.
... The acute lethal potency of isoamyl
alcohol after repeated ip administration to rats /was found/ to
be twelve times that of ethyl alcohol.
... 0.1 ml/kg isoamyl
alcohol /was administered/ to rats by gavage twice a week until
a total dose of 27 ml was delivered. Four malignant tumors (one myeloid
leukemia, two liver cell carcinomas, and one antestomach carcinoma) were
reported for the treated rats. No malignant tumors were found in 25 control
rats. Three benign tumors were observed in each of the control and treated
groups. The average survival time for the animals was 527 days.
... 0.04 ml/kg of isoamyl
alcohol /was injected/ sc into 24 rats once per week for a total
dose of 3.8 ml. A total of ten malignant tumors (liver, spleen, antestomach, and
retroperitoneal region) and five benign tumors were reported for the treated
animals. The 25 rats used as controls had two benign tumors and no malignant
tumors.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral 1,300 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit skin 3,970 mg/kg
LD50 Rat (90-120 g) oral 65.0 mmol/kg (7.07
ml/kg). /From table/
LD50 Rabbit oral 3.4 g/kg
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
... OXIDIZED BY WAY OF CORRESPONDING ALDEHYDES
& FATTY ACIDS ... MAIN SITE OF PRIMARY OXIDATION APPEARS TO BE LIVER ...
GLUCURONIC CONJUGATION TAKES PLACE TO EXTENT OF 9% ... ISOLATED IN URINE OF
RABBITS.
... Small amounts of ... 3-methyl-1-butanol
/are/ excreted in the air or urine following ip injections of 1 g/kg to rats:
Percent excreted: 0.97 expired air; 0.27 urine; and 1.24 total. /From table/
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
3-Methyl-1-butanol, following serial (four
15-minute intervals) ip injections in the rat, is very rapidly metabolized ... .
Only 1-1.5% of the administered doses of 3-methyl-1-butanol were excreted in the
expired air plus urine as the pentanol. The blood concentration of
3-methyl-1-butanol decreased from 37 mg/100 ml at 1 hr (ie, 15 min after the
last pentanol injection) to <1 mg/100 ml at 5 hr. In the rabbit, limited
amounts of 3-methyl-1-butanol and the other primary pentanols are conjugated to
yield the glucuronide, and 7-10% of the administered dose is excreted as the
urinary glucuronide.
Interactions:
The purpose of this study was to investigate
whether isopentanol, the most abundant
hiqher chain alcohol in alcoholic beverages, contributes to induction of
different forms of hepatic p450s associated with consumption of these beverages.
Induction of p450 by isopentanol alone
and in combination with ethanol in cultured chick and rat hepatocytes. The forms
of induced p450 were identified both enzymaticaly and immunochemically. In
cultured chick hepatocytes, both isopentanol
and ethanol induced p450 2E, but combined treatment with these alcohols had no
greater effect than treatment with ethanol alone. In cultured rat hepatocytes, isopentanol
alone did not induce p450 2E or 2B1/2 and had no effect on the ethanol mediated
induction of p450 2E. However, isopentanol
combined with ethanol caused a synergistic induction of p450 2B1/2 in cultered
rat hepatocytes and an additive to synergistic induction of p450 2H1/2 in
cultered chick hepatocytes.
Pharmacology:
Interactions:
The purpose of this study was to investigate
whether isopentanol, the most abundant
hiqher chain alcohol in alcoholic beverages, contributes to induction of
different forms of hepatic p450s associated with consumption of these beverages.
Induction of p450 by isopentanol alone
and in combination with ethanol in cultured chick and rat hepatocytes. The forms
of induced p450 were identified both enzymaticaly and immunochemically. In
cultured chick hepatocytes, both isopentanol
and ethanol induced p450 2E, but combined treatment with these alcohols had no
greater effect than treatment with ethanol alone. In cultured rat hepatocytes, isopentanol
alone did not induce p450 2E or 2B1/2 and had no effect on the ethanol mediated
induction of p450 2E. However, isopentanol
combined with ethanol caused a synergistic induction of p450 2B1/2 in cultered
rat hepatocytes and an additive to synergistic induction of p450 2H1/2 in
cultered chick hepatocytes.
Minimum Fatal Dose Level:
NEAR BORDERLINE BETWEEN TOXICITY CLASSES 3
& 4. 4=VERY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 50-500 MG/KG, BETWEEN 1
TEASPOON & 1 OZ FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). 3= MODERATELY TOXIC: PROBABLE
ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 0.5-5.0 G/KG, BETWEEN 1 OZ & 1 PINT (OR 1 LB) ... .
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Isopentanol
is a naturally occurring substance that is released to the environment by
plants, microorganisms, and from animal wastes. It may also be released during
its manufacture, transport, disposal and use as a solvent, extracting agent,
additive, photographic chemical, chemical intermediate in the production of
herbicides and pharmaceuticals, in the synthesis of flavors and fragrances, and
during the fermentation of sugars and starches. If released on soil, it should
readily volatilize as well as leach. Based upon results from biodegradation
studies with surface water and ground water, biodegradation in soil should be
rapid. If released in water, it should also be lost by evaporation.
Biodegradation should also be rapid. Isopentanol's
volatilization half-life from a model river is estimated to be 2.55 days. It
biodegrades in water with half-lives ranging from 6.1 days in harbor water from
Lake Superior to 15 days in groundwater. Isopentanol
would not be expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organism. In the atmosphere, isopentanol
will be removed by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. The
half-life for this reaction is estimated to be 2.0 days. Workers may be exposed
to isopentanol via inhalation and
dermal contact. The general public is exposed to isopentanol
in a variety of foods, including fruit, nuts, and meat. People may also be
exposed to isopentanol in indoor air,
especially from exhaled air from smokers. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Workers may be exposed to isopentanol
via inhalation and dermal contact. The general public is exposed to isopentanol
in a variety of foods, including fruit, nuts, and meat, and in indoor air. (SRC)
Body Burden:
In a study in which the exhaled breaths of 26
smokers and 43 non-smokers were analyzed, 16% of the breaths of non-smokers and
77% of that of smokers contained isopentanol(1).
In an earlier study of components of expired air of 8 male volunteers, three of
the eight contained isopentanol and
were expired at 2.6, 0.002, and 0.11 ug/hr(2). Two of these subjects were
smokers(2). The isopentanol was
believed to be of metabolic origin(2). As part of EPA's National Human Adipose
Tissue Survey, 46 composite adipose fat samples were analyzed. Eighty-three
percent of these samples contained isopentanol
ranging from 1.51 to 14.82 ppm(3).
Natural Pollution Sources:
Isopentanol
is a plant volatile(2-6) and is also emitted from animal wastes(2,7) and by
microorganisms(2). Isopentanol is the
principal component of fusel oil, a by-product of alcoholic fermentation of
starches and sugars(1).
CONSTITUTES MAJOR PORTION OF FUSEL OIL; ALSO
KNOWN AS FERMENTATION AMYL ALCOHOL. ... IDENTIFIED AS ESTER AMONG CONSTITUENTS
OF ROMAN CAMOMILE OIL, & IN SEVERAL ESSENTIAL OILS ... ALSO IN AROMAS OF
STRAWBERRY & RASPBERRY; IDENTIFIED IN RUM.
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Isopentanol
may be released to the environment during its manufacture, transport, disposal
and use as a solvent, extracting agent, additive, photographic chemical,
chemical intermediate in the production of herbicides and pharmaceuticals, and
in the synthesis of flavors and fragrances(1,4). It is also a fermentation
product of sugars and starches and may be released during fermentation(2-3). Isopentanol
is also released during petroleum manufacture and storage and from wood
pulping(3).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: In view of isopentanol's
relatively high vapor pressure, 2.37 mm Hg at 25 deg C(1), moderate Henry's Law
constant, 1.41X10-5 atm-cu m/mol(2), and low adsorptivity to soil, isopentanol
would be expected to volatilize from dry and moist soil(SRC). It is highly
mobile in soil and should leach. Isopentanol
is readily biodegraded in screening tests as well as in water grab sample tests
and therefore would be expected to biodegrade in soil. (SRC)
AQUATIC FATE: If released in water, isopentanol
will be lost by volatilization. The volatilization half-life of isopentanol
from a model river estimated from its Henry's Law constant, 1.41X10-5 atm-cu
m/mol(1), is 2.55 days(2). It should also biodegrade. The half-life of isopentanol
in groundwater, river water and Lake Superior harbor water in Minnesota were 15,
11, and 6.1 days, respectively(3). Isopentanol
would not be expected to adsorb to sediment or bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms.
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Isopentanol
will react with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere.
The rate constant estimated for this reaction is 7.8X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(1).
Assuming a hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 radicals/cu cm, the half-life of isopentanol
in the atmosphere will be 2.0 days(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation:
Isopentanol
is readily biodegraded in aerobic screening tests using sewage or activated
sludge inocula(1-5). In one screening study utilizing a sewage seed, 75% and
100% of the isopentanol degraded
within 4.5 and 6 days, respectively(1). In another, the half-life of isopentanol
was 2.4 days(2). Five day BOD values ranged from 49% to 77% of theoretical(3-5).
In a semi-continuous activated sludge treatment plant simulation, a 47% BOD
reduction was achieved in 8 hr(3). The half-lives of isopentanol
in ground water, Lester River, MN river water and Lake Superior harbor water
were 15, 11, and 6.1 days, respectively(6). Isopentanol
was >75% mineralized when incubated for 8 weeks in an anaerobic reactor using
a 10% sludge inoculum from a secondary digester(7). The mean removal rate of isopentanol
from a semi-pilot scale anaerobic lagoon was 32% in 20 days(8).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
Isopentanol
reacts with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere with an
estimated rate constant of 7.8X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(1). Assuming a hydroxyl
radical concn of 5X10+5 radicals/cu cm, the half-life of isopentanol
in the atmosphere will be 2.0 days(SRC). Isopentanol
exhibits moderate photochemical reactivity in smog chamber tests(2).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
The BCF for isopentanol
estimated from isopentanol's octanol/water
partition coefficient, log 1.42(1), using a recommended regression equation is
7(2). Such a low BCF would indicate that isopentanol
would not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc for isopentanol
estimated from its water solubility, 26.7 mg/L(1), using recommended regression
equations are 720(2) and 679(4). However, the chemicals used in developing these
equations were mainly pesticides and their structures are not similar to isopentanol.
The Koc for isopentanol estimated from
molecular structure is 4(3). This should be a reasonable estimate for the Koc
because it is close to the experimental value for the structurally similar
chemical, 1-pentanol, 1.6(6). According to a suggested classification scheme(5),
the estimated Kocs based on molecular structure suggests that isopentanol
is very highly mobile in soil(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for isopentanol
is 1.41X10-5 atm-cu m/mol(1). Using this value for the Henry's Law constant, one
can estimate that the volatilization half-life of isopentanol
in a model river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/s with a wind speed of 3 m/s is 2.55
days(2). Similarly, the half-life of isopentanol
in a model lake 1 m deep with a 0.05 m/s current and a 0.5 m/s wind is 21
days(2). In view of isopentanol's
relatively high vapor pressure, 2.37 mm Hg at 25 deg C(3) and moderate Henry's
Law constant and low adsorptivity to soil, isopentanol
would be expected to volatilize from dry and moist soil(SRC).
Environmental Water Concentrations:
Isopentanol
has been identified in drinking water(1). No concns were reported.
Effluent Concentrations:
In an analysis of 455 wastewater samples from
35 industrial categories, isopentanol
was only identified in 1 sample from the synfuels industry(2). In a
comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4000 industrial and publicly owned
treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the
U.S. EPA, isopentanol was identified
in discharges of the following industrial category (positive occurrences, median
concn in ppb): synfuels (7; 39.8), publicly owned treatment works (1; 176.7).
The highest effluent concn was in a publically-owned treatment works at 177
ppb(3). The mean and range of isopentanol
emissions from four whiskey fermentation vats was 0.166 and 0.141-0.183 g per cu
m of grain input, respectively(1). The maximum concn of isopentanol
in the vat gas was about 9 mg/cu m and occurred 40 hr into the process(1).
Atmospheric Concentrations:
INDOOR AIR: In a 1985-1986 study of VOC's in
the air of 500 West German homes, the mean and range of isopentanol
concns were 1 and <1.0 to 10 ug/cu m, respectively(1).
Food Survey Values:
Isopentanol
has been identified, but not quantified, in peanut oil(1), blue cheese(2) and a
cheese made in the French Alps(3), filberts(4), beer(5), wine(7), meat(8-9),
chickpeas(10), oranges(11), bananas(12), Concord grapes(13), and nectarines(6).
Eighty proof whiskey contained 154.4 mg/L of isopentanol(14).
Fish/Seafood Concentrations:
The concn of isopentanol
in mussels collected at the Oarai Coast in Ibaraki, Japan in July 1985 was 0.03
ppm(1). The volatile components were separated from the tissue by freeze vacuum
distillation.
Other Environmental Concentrations:
The average concn of isopentanol
in fusel oil, a by-product of alcoholic fermentation of starches and sugars is
60-65%(1). The concn of isopentanol in
the volatile fraction of fresh poultry manure was 0.398 ppm(2). The concn of isopentanol
was 4.01 ppm and not detectable in manure samples that had been incubated for 9
and 28 days, respectively, at 27-28 deg C under nearly anaerobic conditions(2).
In a study in which 29 samples of printer's inks from different European
manufacturers were analyzed, isopentanol
was found in only one sample at a concn of 0.3%(3).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FDA Requirements:
Isoamyl alcohol is
a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a
synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following
conditions: 1) the quantity added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably
required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical
effect in food, and 2) when intended for use in or on food it is of appropriate
food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C5-H12-O
Molecular Weight:
88.15
Color/Form:
OILY, CLEAR LIQ
Colorless liquid.
Odor:
CHARACTERISTIC, DISAGREEABLE ODOR
Disagreeable odor.
Taste:
PUNGENT, REPULSIVE TASTE
Boiling Point:
132.5 DEG C
Melting Point:
-117.2 DEG C
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
Critical temperature = 307 deg K
Density/Specific Gravity:
0.813 @ 15 DEG C/4 DEG C
Heat of Combustion:
-794.98 kcal/ mole @ constant pressure
Heat of Vaporization:
13.3 kcal/mole @ constant pressure
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 1.16
Solubilities:
MISCIBLE WITH ALC, ETHER, BENZENE, CHLOROFORM,
PETROLEUM ETHER, GLACIAL ACETIC ACID, OILS
VERY SOL IN ACETONE
Water solubility = 2.67X10+4 mg/l @ 25 DEG C
Spectral Properties:
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4075 @ 20 DEG C/D
SADTLER REFERENCE NUMBER: 806 (IR, PRISM)
IR: 15289 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR
Grating Collection)
NMR: 7201 (Sadtler Research Laboratories
Spectral Collection)
MASS: 3996 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH
Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63)
IR: 3:68F (Aldrich Library of Infrared
Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI)
NMR: 1:84A (Aldrich Library of Mass Spectra,
Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI)
MASS: 50 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH
Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63)
Surface Tension:
24.77 dynes/cm @ 15 deg C
Vapor Density:
3.04 (AIR=1)
Vapor Pressure:
2.37 mm Hg @ 25 deg C
Viscosity:
3.738 cP @ 25 deg C
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Standard heat of formation = -85.18 kcal/mol @
25 deg C
Heat Capacity = 50.5 cal/deg K-mol @ 25 deg C
Henry's Law constant = 1.41X10-5 atm-cu m/mol
Henry's Law constant = 1.41X10-5 atm-cu m/mol.
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Fire or explosion: Highly flammable: Will be
easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures
with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors
are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low confined
areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in
sewers. Those substances labeled "P" may polymerize explosively when
heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion
hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
/Amyl alcohols/
Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or
absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn
skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution
water may cause pollution. /Amyl alcohols/
Public safety: Call Emergency Response
Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 50 to
lOO meters (160 to 330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel
away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before
entering. /Amyl alcohols/
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective
clothing will only provide limited protection. /Amyl alcohols/
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or
tank truck is involved in a fire, isolate for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all
directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all
directions. /Amyl alcohols/
Fire: Caution: All these products have a very
low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small
fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry
chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane or nitroethane.
Large fires: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use straight
streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire
involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use
unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding
quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case
of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. Always
stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose
holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let
fire burn. /Amyl alcohols/
Spill or leak: Eliminate all ignition sources
(no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used
when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled
material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways,
sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to
reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible
material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect
absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later
disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed
spaces. /Amyl alcohols/
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911
or emergency medical service. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not
breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate
contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately
flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with
soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation,
ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical
personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect
themselves. /Amyl alcohols/
Odor Threshold:
The odor threshold for 3-methyl-1-butanol is
25 mg/cu m (both low and high threshold levels).
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Very high vapor concentrations irritate eyes
and upper respiratory tract.
A skin ... irritant
Fire Potential:
MODERATE, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME; CAN
REACT VIGOROUSLY WITH REDUCING MATERIALS.
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 1. 1= Materials that, on exposure,
would cause irritation, but only minor residual injury, including those
requiring the use of an approved air-purifying respirator. These materials are
only slightly hazardous to health and breathing protection is needed.
Flammability: 2. 2= Includes materials that
must be moderately heated before ignition will occur and includes Class II and
IIIA combustible liquids and solids and semi-solids that readily give off
ignitible vapors. Water spray may be used to extinguish fires in these materials
because the materials can be cooled below their flash points.
Reactivity: 0. 0= Includes materials that are
normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with
water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.
Flammable Limits:
Lower flammable limit: 1.2% by volume; Upper
flammable limit: 9.0% (at 212 deg F) by volume
Flash Point:
109 deg F (43 deg C) (Closed cup)
Autoignition Temperature:
662 DEG F
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Use water, powder, "alcohol" foam or
carbon tetrachloride. Water spray is effective for cooling fire-exposed
containers, dispersing spills before burning, and protection from heat those
persons engaged to stop leakage during the fire.
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do
not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities
as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers
with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as
possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical.
Toxic Combustion Products:
Toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon
monoxide) may be released in a fire involving isoamyl
alcohol.
Explosive Limits & Potential:
EXPLOSION HAZARD: SLIGHT, WHEN EXPOSED TO
FLAME.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Strong oxidizers.
Interaction /of pentanol and hydrogen
trisulfide/ is explosively violent. /Pentanol/
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid
smoke and fumes.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
500 ppm
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing
to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye
contact.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max
concn for use: 500 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator
operated in a continuous flow mode. Eye protection needed. Any chemical
cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s). Any
air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or
back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with
organic vapor cartridge(s). Eye protection needed. Any self-contained breathing
apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full
facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection.
Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions:
Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full
facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in
pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary
self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive
pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection.
Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator
Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a
chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any self-contained
breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
Preventive Measures:
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be
applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion
of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the
contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and
safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.
Contact lenses should not be worn when working
with this chemical.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of
contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of
wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors
including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the
exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the
lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or
corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be
harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when
contact lenses are in place.
The worker should immediately wash the skin
when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or
significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.
If material not on fire and not involved in
fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out
of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water
spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid.
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors.
Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate
personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted
the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
Clothing wet with liquid isoamyl
alcohol should be placed in closed containers for storage until
it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of isoamyl
alcohol from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or
otherwise cleaned to remove the isoamyl alcohol, the
person performing the operation should be informed of isoamyl
alcohol's hazardous properties.
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a
hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is
registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed,
described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required
or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board
pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry
carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting
hazardous materials.
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods
Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed
recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for
good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A
general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should
always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be
used when shipping any substance or article.
Storage Conditions:
IN GENERAL, MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS
STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMP INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS ... SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL,
WELL-VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH
FIRE HAZARD, & SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED ... INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS
SHOULD BE ISOLATED FROM EACH OTHER.
Remove source of ignition. Keep containers
closed. Store in prescribed, controllable places.
Cleanup Methods:
1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate
area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels.
Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for
evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a
suitable location away from combustible materials. ... Isoamyl
alcohol should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as
a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land
treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to
significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue
(including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for
guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Spray into the furnace. Incineration will
become easier by mixing with a more flammable solvent.
1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand,
earth or a similar material and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill. 2. By
atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr
Time Weighted Avg: 100 ppm (360 mg/cu m).
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 100 ppm (360 mg/cu
m); STEL 125 ppm (450 mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states.
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 100 ppm; 15 min
Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 125 ppm.
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr
Time-Weighted Avg: 100 ppm (360 mg/cu m).
Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term
Exposure Limit: 125 ppm (450 mg/cu m).
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
500 ppm
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
SYNTHETIC FLAVOR; INTERMEDIATE IN PREPN OF
PHARMACEUTICALS; FOR ISOAMYL ACETATE AND OTHER ESTERS; FOR DITHIOPHOSPHATE
ESTERS (LUBRICATING OIL ADDITIVE AND HYDRAULIC FLUID ADDITIVE)
SOLVENT FOR FATS, RESINS, ALKALOIDS, ETC; MFR
ISOAMYL (AMYL) COMPD, ISOVALERIC ACID, MERCURY FULMINATE; MFR PYROXYLIN,
ARTIFICIAL SILK, LACQUERS, SMOKELESS POWDERS; IN MICROSCOPY; FOR DEHYDRATING
CELLOIDIN SOLN; FOR DETERMINING FAT IN MILK
REPORTED USES: NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 17 PPM,
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 100 PPM, ICE CREAM, ICES, ETC 7.6 PPM, CANDY 52 PPM, BAKED
GOODS 24 PPM, GELATINS & PUDDINGS 46 PPM, CHEWING GUM 300 PPM.
Manufacturers:
CPS Chem Co, Hq, Old Waterworks Rd, PO Box
162, Old Bridge, NJ 08857- 9990; (908)607-2700; Manufacturing site: Old Bridge,
NJ 08857
International Chemical Group, International
Marketing Ctr, 4740 La Ruende Dr, La Mesa, CA 91941, (619) 441-9108
Union Carbide Corp, Solvents and Coatings
Materials Div, Hq, Old Ridgebury Rd, Danbury, CT 06817, (203) 794-2000;
Manufacturing site: 3301 Fifth Avenue South, Texas City, TX 77590
Penta Manufacturing Company, Hq, P.O. Box
1448, Fairfield, NJ 07007, (201) 740-2300; Production site: East Hanover, NJ
07936
Methods of Manufacturing:
FROM ISOBUTYLENE, VIA THE OXO PROCESS
FROM LIGHT PETROLEUM BY FRACTIONAL
DISTILLATION, DEHYDRATION OF PENTANE FRACTION WHICH IS THEN HEATED &
RE-FRACTIONATED, & AMYLCHLORIDE FRACTION AGAIN FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED,
GIVING MONO-CHLORO-PENTANE MIXTURE. THIS IS SUBJECTED TO HYDROLYSIS WITH SODIUM
OLEATE SOLN IN PRESENCE OF CATALYST.
... MFR BY FRACTIONATION OF FUSEL OIL &
VIA CHLORINATION OF PENTANES, & PROPERTIES
PREPN FROM BUTADIENE, CARBON MONOXIDE, WATER,
PLUS CATALYST; FROM METHYLBUTENES
Formulations/Preparations:
MAJOR COMPONENT OF COMMERCIAL AMYL ALCOHOL,
FUSEL OIL & POTATO-SPIRIT OIL.
GRADE: TECHNICAL
FUSEL OIL
U. S. Production:
(1962) 5.5-6.8X10+9 GRAMS (ALL AMYL ALCOHOLS)
U. S. Imports:
(1984) 1.89X10+8 G /AMYL ALCOHOLS/
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
/DETERMINATION OF/ HIGHER ALC ... ISOAMYL ALC
... IN BEVERAGES: DISTILLED LIQUORS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD.
GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC (GLC) SYSTEM, COLUMN PACKED WITH
GLYCEROL-1,2,6-HEXANETRIOL ON GAS-CHROM R & FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR,
ISOAMYL ALC WAS SEPARATED & QUANT MEASURED.
ALC QUANT ACETYLATED IN APPROX 5 MIN @ ROOM TEMP WITH AC2O IN PRESENCE OF N-METHYLIMIDAZOLE.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY CONDITIONS ARE DESCRIBED FOR SEPARATION & DETECTION OF
ACETYLATED PRODUCTS.
NIOSH Method No. 1402 Alcohols III Issue
2/15/84. Limit of detection 0.01 mg per sample, working range ca. 15 to 150
mg/cu m.
ASTM Method No. D4490. Standard Practice for
Measuring the Concentration of Toxic Gases or Vapors Using Detector Tubes.
Detection limit 25 ppm
Sampling Procedures:
[U.S. EPA ASTM Method No. D3686 Standard
Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Organic Compound Vapors (Activated
Charcoal Tube Adsorption Method)]
Synonyms:
ALCOOL AMILICO (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
ALCOOL ISOAMYLIQUE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
AMYLOWY ALKOHOL (POLISH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
1-BUTANOL, 3-METHYL-
**PEER REVIEWED**
FEMA NUMBER 2057
**PEER REVIEWED**
FERMENTATION AMYL ALCOHOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
ISOAMYL ALKOHOL (CZECH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
ISO-AMYLALKOHOL (GERMAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
ISOAMYLOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
ISOBUTYL CARBINOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
ISOPENTANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
ISOPENTYL ALCOHOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
2-METHYL-4-BUTANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
3-METHYL BUTANOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
3-METHYLBUTAN-1-OL
**PEER REVIEWED**
3-METIL-BUTANOLO (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
PRIMARY ISOAMYL ALCOHOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
MAJOR COMPONENT OF COMMERCIAL AMYL ALCOHOL,
FUSEL OIL & POTATO-SPIRIT OIL.
GRADE: TECHNICAL
FUSEL OIL
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1105; Isoamyl
alcohol
IMO 3.3; Isoamyl alcohol
Standard Transportation Number:
49 093 01; Amyl alcohols
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 605
Last Revision Date: 20050624
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/29/1994
Update History:
Complete Update on 2005-06-24, 1 fields added/edited/deleted
Field Update on 2005-01-29, 2 fields added/edited/deleted
Complete Update on 01/24/2003, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/2002, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/27/1999, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/08/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/01/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/12/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/04/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/03/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/25/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/03/1995, 81 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/23/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/03/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/02/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/09/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/18/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/10/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/14/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/05/1990, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/08/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/24/1987
Created 19830401 by GCF
SOURCE: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/