HYDROGEN
HYDROGENHuman Toxicity Excerpts:
NO SPECIFIC TOXIC ACTION. IN HIGH CONCN CAN ACT AS A SIMPLE ASPHYXIANT.
Contact with liquid will cause frostbite or severe burns of the skin. Simple
asphyxiant.
The relation between the /CNS depressant/ effect of nitrogen and that of
hydrogen is 1:0.26.
HYDROGEN HAS NO KNOWN TOXIC EFFECT ON THE EYE.
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
A LARGE BUBBLE OF THE GAS INJECTED INTO ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF RABBIT EYES WAS
ABSORBED WITHIN THREE DAYS & CAUSED NO INJURY.
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Pharmacology:
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Natural Pollution Sources:
HYDROGEN OCCURS CHIEFLY IN COMBINATION WITH OXYGEN IN WATER, BUT IT IS ALSO
PRESENT IN ORG MATTER SUCH AS LIVING PLANTS, PETROLEUM, COAL ETC. IT IS PRESENT
AS FREE ELEMENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE, BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT OF LESS THAN 1 PPM, BY
VOLUME.
HYDROGEN FROM NATURAL SOURCES CONSISTS OF MORE THAN 99.8% PROTIUM. ...
Occurrence in earth's atmosphere 0.00005% H2.
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
H2
Molecular Weight:
2.02
Color/Form:
Colorless gas
CUBIC SOLID
Odor:
Odorless
Taste:
Tasteless
Boiling Point:
-252.77 deg C
Melting Point:
-259.2 deg C @ 54 mm Hg
Corrosivity:
Noncorrosive
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
Critical temperature: -239.9 deg C; Critical pressure: 12.8 atm
Density/Specific Gravity:
0.069 (gas) (Air= 1); 0.0700 @ BP (liq); 0.0763 @ 13 K (solid)
Heat of Vaporization:
0.90 kJ/mol at -252.87 deg C
Solubilities:
1.62 mg/L at 21 deg C
Vapor Pressure:
1.24X10+6 mm Hg at 25 deg C
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Atomic number 1; valence 1; elemental state: H2; isotopes: (1)H (protium
99.9844%), (2)H (deuterium 0.0156%), (3)H (tritium, traces only); ionization
potential of H atom is 13.59 electron volts; accelerated protons bring about
extremely varied nuclear reactions; 1 l of gas @ 0 deg C weighs 0.08987 g
... ionizes to form protons, deuterons (D) or tritons (T)
Lightest of all gases; lifting power of 1 cu ft hydrogen gas is about 0.076
lb @ 0 deg C, 760 mm Hg
MP and BP of para-hydrogen are about 0.1 deg C lower than those of normal
hydrogen
ortho-Hydrogen molecules have a parallel spin; para, an antiparallel spin /para-Hydrogen/
BURNS WITH PALE BLUE FLAME IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN
TRIPLE POINT TEMP: 13.8 DEG K; TRIPLE POINT PRESSURE: 0.069 ATM; HEAT OF
FUSION: 13.9 CAL/G; CRITICAL TEMP: 33 K; CRITICAL PRESSURE: 12.4 ATM; HEAT OF
VAPORIZATION: 106.5 CAL/G /P-HYDROGEN/
TRIPLE POINT TEMP: 13.9 K; TRIPLE POINT PRESSURE: 0.071 ATM /N-HYDROGEN/
Specific volume: 193 cu ft/lb @ 21.1 deg C; diatomic gas
Forms cmpd with almost every other element
Compressibility factor @ 0 deg C: 1.00042; adiabatic compressibility @ 300 K:
7.03 MPa; coefficient of volume expansion @ 300 K: 0.00333/K; critical volume @
0 deg C: 20.30 J/mol.K; enthalpy @ 0 deg C: 7749.2 J/mol; internal energy @ 0
deg C: 5477.1 J/mol; entropy @ 0 deg C: 139.59 J/mol.K; velocity of sound @ 0
deg C: 1246 m/sec; thermal conductivity @ 0 deg C: 1.739 mW/cm.K; dielectric
constant @ 0 deg C: 1.000271; isothermal compressibility @ 300 K: -9.86 MPa;
self diffusion coefficient @ 0 deg C: 1.285 sq cm/sec; gas diffusivity in water
@ 25 deg C: 4.8X10-5 sq cm/sec; Lennard-Jones parameters: collision diameter,
2.928X10+10 m, interaction parameter, 37.00 K; heat of dissociation @ 298.16 K:
435.881 kJ/mol /Gaseous normal hydrogen/
Mp: 13.947 K; bp: 20.380 K; critical temp: 33.18 K; critical pressure: 1315
kPa; Critical volume: 66.949 cu cm/mol; density @ bp: 0.03520 mol/cu cm; density
@ mp: 0.03830 mol/cu cm; compressibility factor @ mp: 0.0011621, @ bp: 0.01698;
@ critical point: 0.3191; adiabatic compressibility @ triple point: 0.00813 MPa,
@ bp: 0.0119 MPa; coefficient of volume expansion @ triple point: 0.0102 K, @ bp:
0.0164 K; heat of vaporization @ triple point: 911.3 J/mol, @ bp: 899.1 J/mol;
critical pressure @ triple point: 13.23 J/mol.K, @ bp: 19.70 J/mol.K; critical
volume @ triple point: 9.53 J/mol.K, @ bp: 11.60 J/mol.K; enthalpy @ triple
point: 438.7 J/mol, @ bp: 548.3 J/mol; internal energy @ triple point: 435.0
J/mol, @ bp: 545.7 J/mol; entropy @ triple point: 28.7 J/mol.K, @ bp: 34.92 J/mol.K;
velocity of sound @ triple point: 1282 m/sec, @ bp: 1101 m/sec; viscosity @
triple point: 0.0256 cP, @ bp: 0.0133 cP; thermal conductivity @ triple point:
0.74 mW/cm.K, @ bp: 1.00 mW/cm.K; dielectric constant @ triple point: 1.253, @
bp: 1.231; surface tension @ triple point: 3.00 mN/m, @ bp: 1.94 mN/m;
isothermal compressibility @ triple point: -0.0110 MPa, @ bp: -0.0199 MPa
/Liquid normal hydrogen/
Mp: 13.947 K; vapor pressure @ mp: 7.20 kPa; vapor pressure @ 10 K: 0.231 kPa;
density @ mp: 43.01X10+3 mol/cu cm; heat of fusion @ mp: 117.2 J/mol; heat of
sublimation @ mp: 1028.4 J/mol; critical pressure @ 10 K: 20.79 J/mol.K;
enthalpy @ mp: 321.6 J/mol; internal energy @ mp: 317.9 J/mol; entropy @ mp:
20.3 J/mol.K; thermal conductivity @ mp: 9.0 mW/cm.K; dielectric constant @ mp:
1.287; heat of dissociation @ 0 K: 430.889 kJ/mol /Solid normal hydrogen/
Dipole moment: 0
Heat of fusion: 0.12 kJ/mol @ -259.3 deg C
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Fire or explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat,
sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied
gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to
source of ignition and flash back. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured
cylinders may rocket. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated
liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may
be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied
gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating
and/or toxic gases. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated
liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... Isolate spill or
leak area immediately for at least 50 to 100 meters (160 to 330 feet) in all
directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are
heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined
areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen,
compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide
limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling
refrigerated/cryogenic liquids. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen,
refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least
800 meters (1/2 mile). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a
fire, ISOLATE for l600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial
evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen,
compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
Fire: DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. Small
fires: Dry chemical or CO2. Large
fires: Water spray or fog. Move containers from fire area if you can do it
without risk. Fire involving Tanks: Fight fire from maximum distance or use
unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding
quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source
of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of
rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay
away from the ends of tanks. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or
monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
/Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic
liquid)/
Spill or leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or
flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be
grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do
it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather
than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Do
not direct water at spill or source of leak. Prevent spreading of vapors through
sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has
dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many
materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. /Hydrogen;
Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply
artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if
breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed. In case of
contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Keep victim
warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s)
involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Hydrogen; Hydrogen,
compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/
Fire Potential:
HIGHLY DANGEROUS WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT, FLAME ...
... Sudden release of hydrogen into the atmosphere from storage above 79 bars
may cause spontaneous ignition. ...
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 0. 0= Materials that, on exposure under fire conditions, offer no
hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material.
Flammability: 4. 4= This degree includes flammable gases, pyrophoric liquids,
and Class IA flammable liquids. The preferred method of fire attack is to stop
the flow of material or to protect exposures while allowing the fire to burn
itself out.
Reactivity: 0. 0= This degree includes materials that are normally stable,
even under fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal
fire fighting procedures may be used.
Flammable Limits:
LOWER: 4.0%; UPPER: 75% (% BY VOL)
Autoignition Temperature:
932 DEG F (500 DEG C)
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Approach fire with caution as high-temperature flame is practically
invisible. Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Use water spray to keep
fire-exposed containers cool. Use flooding quantities of water as fog or spray.
Explosive Limits & Potential:
Lower: 4.1%; upper: 74.2%
Severe, when exposed to heat or flame.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Release of hydrogen @ 47.5 bar into a vented 17.5-l chromium-plated sphere
caused explosive ignition. /Hydrogen/
Hydrogen ignites in bromine fluoride at ambient temp.
Mixtures of iodine heptafluoride with hydrogen explode on heating or
sparking.
... Calcium, barium, and strontium react readily, sometimes igniting, in
hydrogen above 300 deg C. ...
Ignition of fluorine perchlorate occurs in excess hydrogen gas.
Near-stoichiometric mixtures of chlorine dioxide and hydrogen detonate on
sparking or on contact with platinum sponge.
Reduction of heated copper (II) oxide in a combustion tube by passage of
hydrogen caused a violent explosion (the hydrogen may have been contaminated
with air).
Hydrogen explodes in nitryl fluoride @ 200-300 deg C.
Explosive interaction of difluorodiazene and hydrogen occurs above 90 deg C.
The interaction of xenon hexafluoride and hydrogen is violent.
Pre-addition of nitrogen oxide (or nitrosyl chloride as its precursor) to
stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixtures @ 240 mbar/360 deg C will cause
immediate ignition under a variety of circumstances.
The ignition temp of mixtures of hydrogen and dinitrogen oxide is lower than
that of hydrogen admixed with air or oxygen. The oxide also sensitizes mixtures
of hydrogen and oxygen, so that addition of oxygen to a hydrogen-dinitrogen
oxide mixture will cause instantaneous ignition or explosion.
The presence of small amt of dinitrogen tetraoxide in nonexplosive mixtures
of hydrogen and oxygen renders them explosive.
Palladium oxide glows in contact with hydrogen @ ambient temp.
Contact with hydrogen causes unheated palladium trifluoride to be reduced
incandescently.
Above 400 deg C in hydrogen, deflagration and flaming of poly(carbon
monofluoride) occurs.
Liquid hydrogen and solid ozone form very powerfully exposive mixtures.
/Hydrogen, liquid/
/Incompatible with/ lead trifluoride, 3-methyl-2-penten-4-yn-1-ol
Semi-chemical /wood/ pulp
contaminated with microorganisms and incubated @ 60 deg C produces a hydrogen
containing gas. A gas phase explosion in a pulp storage tower was attributed to
static ignition of this gas mixed with air.
Many hydrogenation catalysts are sufficiently active to effect rapid
interaction of hydrogen and/or solvent vapor with air, causing ignition or
explosion. This is particularly so where hydrogen is adsorbed on the catalyst.
... For noble metal and nickel catalysts, low boiling solvents should be
avoided. ... Risks are highest with carbon-supported catalysts. ... The need for
dilute soln of nitro- and polynitro aromatics or oximes, and for relatively low
concn of catalysts to minimize the relatively large exotherms is stressed.
/Hydrogen/
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus.
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for
transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ...
and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked,
labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the
hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles
for transporting hazardous chemicals.
Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of
recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such
substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This
index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate
procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods
Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA
Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations
to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous
materials.
Storage Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage
is preferred. Isolate from oxygen, halogens, other oxidizing materials.
STEEL CYLINDERS; PIPELINE
EMPTY PORTIONS OF VESSELS SHOULD BE FILLED WITH AN INERT GAS BEFORE HYDROGEN
IS INTRODUCED, SINCE ANY REMAINING OXYGEN OR AIR MAY CAUSE AN EXPLOSION.
HYDROGEN CYLINDERS SHOULD NEVER BE STORED TOGETHER WITH FLAMMABLE MATERIALS.
LARGE HYDROGEN TANKS MUST BE SEPARATED BY A SAFE DISTANCE FROM EACH OTHER ...
Cleanup Methods:
Eliminate all ignition sources. Approach release from upwind. Stop or control
the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to disperse
vapors and protect personnel.
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to
implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult
with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Threshold Limit Values:
Simple asphyxiant-inert gas or vapor. A TLV may not be recommended for each
simple asphyxiant because the limiting factor is the available oxygen.
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
OXYHYDROGEN FLAME IS USED IN PROCESSING OF QUARTZ; IN PRODN OF SEVERAL METALS
WHICH RESIST FUSION, SUCH AS MOLYBDENUM, BISMUTH
CHEM INT FOR AMMONIA & OTHER CHEMS (EG, METHANOL, CYCLOHEXANE); CHEM INT
& REDUCING AGENT IN METAL PROCESSING; FEEDSTOCK PURIFICATION IN PETROLEUM
REFINING; PRODUCTION OF LUBRICATING OILS
In oxy-hydrogen blowpipe (welding) and limelight; autogenous welding of steel
and other metals; mfr synthetic methanol, hydrogen chloride; hydrogenation of
oils, fats, naphthalene, phenol, tungsten; in balloons and airships. In
thermonuclear reactions: ...
In bubble chambers to study subatomic particles; as a coolant /Liquid
hydrogen/
In cryogenics; in study of superconductivity /Liquid hydrogen/
Production of ammonia, ethanol, and aniline; hydrocracking, hydroforming, and
hydrofining of petroleum; hydrogenation of vegetable oils; hydrogenolysis of
coal; reducing agent for organic synthesis and metallic ores; reducing
atmosphere to prevent oxidation; as oxyhdrogen flame for high temperatures;
atomic-hydrogen welding; instrument-carrying balloons; making hydrogen chloride
and hydrogen bromide; production of high-purity metals; fuel for nuclear rocket
engines for hypersonic transport; missile fuel; cryogenic research.
Rocket fuel /para-Hydrogen/
Manufacturers:
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.,
7201 Hamilton Blvd., Allentown, PA 18195-1501, (610)481-4911; Industrial Gases
Division; Production sites: Delaware City, DE 19706; New Orleans, LA 70129;
Pace, FL 32571; Pasadena, TX 77501; Sacramento, CA 95800; Wilmington, CA
90744-4061; Process Systems Group; Production sites: Baytown, TX 77520; Butler,
PA 16001; Cincinnati, OH 45202; Clear Lake,
TX 77058; Convent, LA 70700; Geismar, LA 70700; Hannibal, MO 63400; La Porte, TX
77571; Martinez, CA 94553; Mont Belvieu, TX 77580; New Orleans, LA 70129;
Plaquemine, LA 70764; Salisbury, MD 21801; South Charleston, WV 25300; Taft, LA
70057
Archer Daniels Midland Co., Hq, PO Box 1470, Decatur, IL 62525,
(217)424-5200; ADM Refined Oil Division; Production sites: Chattanooga, TN
37400; Decatur, IL 62525; Des Moines, IA 50306; Lincoln, NE 68500; Mankato, MN
56001
ARCO Products Co., 1055 West Seventh St., Los Angeles, CA 90017,
(213)486-3511; Production sites: Blaine, WA 98231; Carson, CA 90749
BASF Corporation, Hq, 3000
Continental Drive - North, Mount Olive, NJ 07828-1234, (973)426-2600; Chemicals
Division; Industrial Organics; Production site: Freeport, TX 77541
Bayer Corp., 100 Bayer Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15205, (412)777-2000; Polyurethane
Division; Production sites: Baytown, TX 77521; New Martinsville, WV 26155
Bestfoods, 700 Sylvan Ave., Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632-9976, (201)894-4000;
Production site: Chicago, IL 60623
The BOC Group, Inc., Hq, 575 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, NJ 07974,
(908)464-8100; BOC Gases Division; Production sites: Crawfordsville, IN 47933;
Weirton, WV 26062; Gaspro Airco, 2305 Kamehameha Highway, Honolulu, HI 96820,
(808)842-2111; Production site: Honolulu, HI 96819
BP Amico, Corp., Hq, 200 East Randolph Dr., Chicago, IL 60601, (312)856-6111;
Production sites: Decatur, AL 35609-2215; Texas City, TX 77592-0568 (Texas City Chemical
Plant); Toledo, OH 43607; Whiting, IN 46934-2191
Brown Industries, Inc., Hq, 253 North Santa Fe, Salina, KS 67401,
(785)827-9646; Production site: Bradley, IL 60915; Conway, KS 67460; Salina, KS
67401
Bunge Foods Group, 885 N. Kinzie Ave., Bradley, IL 60915, (815)939-3631;
Production sites: Bradley, IL 60901; Chattanooga, TN 37409; Council Bluffs, IA
51503; Fort Worth, TX 76101
Calumet Lubricants Co., 2780 Waterfront Pkwy. East Drive, Suite 200,
Indianapolis, IN 46214, (317)328-5660; Production sites: Cotton Valley, LA
71018; Princeton, LA 71067
Cargill, Inc., Hq, PO Box 9300, Minneapolis, MN 55440, (612)475-7575;
Domestic Soybean Crushing Division; Production sites: Gainesville, GA 30501;
Sidney, OH 45365; Sioux City, IA 51100; Wichita, KS 67200
Caribbean Petroleum Corp., P.O. Box 361988, San Juan, PR 00936,
(787)785-0525; Production site: Bayamon, Puerto Rico 00958
Celanese Corp., 86 Morris Ave., Summit, NJ 07901, (972)443-4000; Chemicals
Division; Production sites: Bay City, TX 77414; Bishop, TX 78343; Clear Lake,
TX 77507-1498
CENCO Refining Co., 12345 Lakeland Rd., Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670,
(562)944-6111; Production site: Sante Fe Springs, CA 90670
Cenex Harvest States Corp., P.O. Box 64089, St. Paul, MN 55164- 0089,
(651)451-5151; Production sites: Laurel, MO 59044; Mankato, MN 56002-3247
Central Soya Co., Inc., P.O. Box 1400, 1946 West Cook Rd., Fort Wayne, IN
46801-2507, (219)425-5100; Chemurgy Division; Production site: Decatur, IN 46733
Chevron Products Co., 575 Market St., San Francisco, CA 94105, (415)894-3232;
Production sites: Barber's Point, HI 96862; El
Segundo, CA 90245; Pascagoula, MS 39567; Richmond, CA 94802
CITGO Petroleum Corp., 6130 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, (918)495-4000;
Production sites: Lake Charles, LA
70601; Lemont, IL 60439-3659
Citizens Utilities Co., High Ridge Park, Stamford, CT 06905-1390,
(203)329-8800; Production site: Kapolei, HI 96707
Clark Refining and Marketing, Inc., 8182 Maryland Ave., St. Louis, MO
63105-3721, (314)854-9696; Production site: Hartford, IL 62048
Coastal Refining and Marketing, Inc., 9 Greenway Plaza, Houston, TX 77046,
(713)877-6559; Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78403
CONDEA Vista Co., 900 Threadneedle, Houston, TX 77079-2990, (281)588-3000;
Surfactants and Specialties Division; Production site: Lake
Charles, LA 70669
Conoco Inc., 600 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77090, (281)293-1000;
Production site: Billings, MT 59101
Cross Oil and Refining Co., Inc., P.O. Box 105, Smackover, AR 71762,
(870)725-3611; Production site: Smackover, AR 71762
C. & T. Refinery, Inc., P.O. Box 240457, Charlotte, NC 28224,
(704)523-0414; Production site: Charlotte, NC 28217
DeGussa-Huls Corp., Hq, 65 Challenger Rd., Ridgefield Park, NJ 07660,
(201)641-6100; Chemical Group;
Production site: Theodore, AL 36590
DSM Chemicals North America, Inc.,
Hq, 1 Columbia Nitrogen Road, Augusta GA 30903, (706)849-6600; Production site:
Augusta, GA 30903
DuPont, Inc, Hq, 1007 Market Street, Wilmington, DE 19898, (302)774-1000;
DuPont Specialty Chemicals; DuPont
Performance, Specialty, and Fine Chemicals;
Production site: Beaumont, TX 77704
Eastman Chemical Company, Hq, P.O.
Box 511, Kingsport, TN 37662, (423)229-2196; Tennessee Eastman Division;
Production site: Kingsport, TN 37662
Elf Atochem North America, Inc., 2000 Market St., 21st Floor, Philadelphia,
PA 19103-3222, (215)419-7000; Basic Chemicals
Division; Production site: Memphis, TN 38127
Equilon Enterprises LLC, 1100 Louisiana St., Houston, TX 77002,
(713)277-7000; Production sites: Bakersfield, CA 93302; Wilmington, CA 90744. El
Dorado Refining Co., El
Dorado, KS 67042; Production site: El
Dorado, KS 67042
Equistar Chemicals, LP, One Houston
Center, 1221 McKinney St., Suite 700, Houston, TX 77010, (713)652-7300;
Production sites: Channelview, TX 77530; Clinton, IA 52732; Corpus Christi, TX
78460; Lake Charles, LA 70602; Morris,
IL 60450
Ergon Refining, Inc., P.O. Box 309, Vicksburg, MS 39181, (601)638-4960;
Production site: Vicksburg, MS 39181
Ergon West Virginia, Inc., P.O. Box 356, Newell, WV 26050, (304)387-4343;
Production site: Newell, WV 26050
Exxon Chemical Co., 13501 Katy
Freeway, Houston, TX 77079, (281)870-6000; Exxon Chemical
Americas; Production site: Baytown, TX 77520
Exxon Co. USA., P.O. Box 2180, Houston, TX 77252, (713)656-3636; Production
sites: Benicia, CA 94510; Billings, MT 59101
First Chemical Corp., 1001
Industrial Rd., Pascagoula, MS 39581- 3237, (228)762-08070; Production site:
Pascagoula, MI 39568
Frontier Refining, Inc., 2700 East 5th St., Cheyenne, WY 82007,
(307)634-3551; Production site: Cheyenne, WY 82003
General Electric Co., 3135 Easton Turnpike, Fairfield, CT 06431,
(203)373-2211; GE Lighting Components; Production site: Euclid, OH 44117
General Hydrogen, 1215 Henderson Ave., P.O. Box 509, Washington, PA 15301,
(724)225-8700; Production site: Proctor, WV 26055
Golden Foods - Golden Brands, Inc., 2520 Seventh St., P.O. Box 398,
Louisville, KY 40201, (502)636-3712; Production site: Louisville, KY 40208
Great Lakes
Chemical Corporation,
One Great Lakes
Boulevard, P.O. Box 2200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, (765)497-6100; Production
sites: Memphis, TN 38108; Omaha, NE 68108
Hercules, Inc., Hercules Plaza, 1313 North Market St., Wilmington, DE
19894-0001, (302)594-5000; Resins Division; Production site: Hattiesburg, MS
39401
Holox Inc., 1500 Indian Trail Rd., Norcross, GA 30093, (770)925- 4640;
Production site: Augusta, GA 30916
Hunt Refining Co., 100 Towncenter Blvd., Tuscaloosa, AL 35406, (205)391-3300;
Production site: Tuscaloosa, AL 35401
Hunt-Wesson Inc., 1645 West Valencia Dr., Fullerton, CA 92633, (714)680-1000;
Refinery Division; Production site: Memphis, TN 38101
Industrial Gas Products, Inc., 2350 Falling Springs Rd., Sauget, IL 62206,
(618)337-1193; Production site: Sauget, IL 62206
Javelina Co., 5438 Union St., Corpus Christi, TX 78407, (512)289- 4900;
Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78407
Koch Industries, Inc., 4111 East 37th St. North, Wichita, KS 67220,
(316)828-5500; Production site: Conway, KS 67460
Koch Petroleum Group, L.P., 4111 East 37th St. North, Wichita, KS 67220,
(316)828-4926; Production site: St. Paul, MN 55165
Linde Gas Inc., 11603 Strang Rd., La Porte, TX 77571, (713)767- 4185;
Production sites: Decatur, AL 35601; La Porte, TX 77571
Lone Star Gas Processing, 19430 Beech St., Shafter, CA 93263, (661)589-5377;
Production site: Bakersfield, CA 93389
Lyondell Chemical Co., 1221
McKinney St., Suite 700, Houston, TX 77010, (713)652-7200; Production site: Lake
Charles, LA 70602
Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, 539 South Main St., Findlay, OH 45840-3295,
(419)422-2121; Production site: Robinson, IL 62454
MG Industries, 3 Great Valley
Pkwy., Malvern, PA 19355-1424, (610)695-7400; Merchant Products Group;
Production sites: Kalama, WA 98625; Rockport, IN 47635; St. Marys, PA 15857
Millennium Specialty Chemicals
Inc., P.O. Box 389, Jacksonville, FL 32201-0389, (904)768-5800; Production site:
Brunswick, GA 31525
Mobil Oil Corp., 3225 Gallows Rd., Fairfax, VA 22037-0001, (703)846-3000; US
Marketing and Refining Division; Production sites: Beaumont, TX 77704; Torrance,
CA 90500
Monsanto Company, Hq, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167,
(314)694-1000; Production site: Luling, LA 70070
Morton International, Inc., 100 North Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL
60606-1596, (312)807-2000; Performance Chemicals;
Production site: Elma, WA 98541
Motiva Enterprises LLC, 12700 Northborough Dr., Houston, TX 77067,
(281)874-7000; Production sites: Convent, LA 70723; Delaware City, DE 19706
Pennzoil-Quaker State Co., Pennzoil Place, 700 Milam St., P.O. Box 2967,
Houston, TX 77252-2967, (713)546-4000; Base Oil & Specialty Products
Division; Production sites: Rouseville, PA 16344; Shreveport, LA 71144-3099
Penreco, 910 Louisiana St., Suite 400, P.O. Box 4274, Houston, TX 77210,
(713)236-6950; Production site: Karns City, PA 16041-9799
Phillips Petroleum Co., Phillips Building, Bartlesville, OK 74007,
(918)661-6600; Chemicals Division;
Specialty Chemicals Branch; Production
sites: Borger, TX 79007; Sweeny, TX 77480
Praxair, Inc., 39 Old Ridgebury Rd., Danbury, CT 06810-5113, (203)837-23000;
Production sites: Barberton, OH 44203; Belle, WV 25015; Belvidere, NJ 07823;
Butte, MT 59701; Carney's Point, NJ 08069; Channelview, TX 77530; Deer Park, TX
77536; East Chicago, IN 46312; Ecorse, MI 48229; Lake
Charles, LA 70601; La Porte, TX 77500; Leechburg, PA 15656; McIntosh, AL 36553;
Mount Belvieu, TX 77580; Niagara Falls, NY 14300; Norcross, GA 30000; Ontario,
CA 91764; Seymour, IN 47274; Texas City, TX 77591; Westlake, LA 70669; Whiting,
IN 46394
Prime Gas Co., 723 Chestnut St., Emmaus, PA 18049, (610)965-5130; Production
site: Delaware City, DE 19706
Rhone-Poulenc Ag Co., 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12014, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27709, (919)549-2000; Production site: Institute, WV 25112
Riceland Foods, Inc., 2120 Park Avenue, P.O. Box 927, Stuttgart, AR 72160,
(870)673-5500; Soybean Division; Production site: Stuttgart, AR 72160
Rohm and Haas Texas Inc., 6600 La Porte Rd., Highway 225, P.O. Box 672, Deer
Park, TX 77536, (281)228-8100; Production site: Deer Park, TX 77536
San Joaquin Refining Co., Inc., P.O. Box 5576, Bakersfield, CA 93388,
(661)327-4257; Production site: Bakersfield, CA 93388
Shell Chemical Co., One Shell
Plaza, P.O. Box 2463, Houston, TX 77252-2463, (713)241-6161 Production sites:
Deer Park, TX 77536 (Houston Plant); Geismar, LA 70734; Martinez, CA 94554;
Norco, LA 70079; Wilmington, CA 90700
Solutia, Inc., 10300 Olive Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63141-7893, (314)674-1000;
Production sites: Anniston, AL 36201; Decatur, AL 35601; Pensacola, FL 32575
Solvay Interox, Inc., 3333 Richmond Ave., Houston, TX 77098-3099,
(713)525-6500; Production site: Longview, WA 98632
South Hampton Refining Co., P.O. Box 1636, Silsbee, TX 77656, (409)385-1400;
Production site: Silsbee, TX 77656
SPI Polyols, Inc., 321 Cherry Lave, New Castle, DE 19720-2780, (800)789-9755;
Production site: New Castle, DE 19720-2780
Sunoco, Inc., Ten Penn Center, 1801 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19103-1699,
(215)246-8920; Production site: Toledo, OH 43693
Tesoro Alaska Co., 3230 C St., Anchorage, AK 99519-6272; Production site:
Kenai, AK 99611-3369
Tesoro Hawaii Refinery, 91-325 Komohana, Kapolei, HI 96707, (808)547-3900;
Production site: Kapolei, HI 96707
Witco Corp., One American Lane, Greenwich, CT 06831-2559, (203)552-2000;
Oleochemicals & Derivatives Group; Performance Chemicals
Group; Production sites: Mapleton, IL 61547; Memphis, TN 38108; Petrolia, PA
16050-0336
Western Gas Resources Inc., 12200 North Pecos St., Denver, CO 80234,
(303)452-5603; Production site: Wright, WY 82732
Valero Energy Corp., 41 Valero Plaza, San Antonio, TX 78212, (210)370-2000;
Production sites: Corpus Christi, TX 78407-1001; Paulsboro, NJ 08066
Ultramar Diamond Shamrock Corp., 6000 North Loop 1604 West, San Antonio, TX
78249-1112, (210)592-2000; Production sites: Ardmore, OK 74301; Three Rivers, TX
78071
Tosco Corp., 72 Cummings Point Rd., Stamford, CT 06902, (203)977- 1000; Tosco
Refining and Marketing Co., division; Production sites: Carson, CA 90744;
Martinez, CA 94553; Rodeo, CA 94572; Wilmington, CA 90744
Methods of Manufacturing:
Obtained by passing water vapors over heated iron; by electrolysis of water
or by action of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid on iron or zinc; by
hydrolysis of metal hydrides; from methane or coke and steam.
IT IS PREPD BY ACTION OF STEAM ON HEATED CARBON, BY DECOMPOSITION OF CERTAIN
HYDROCARBONS WITH HEAT ... ALSO PRODUCED BY ACTION OF SODIUM OR POTASSIUM
HYDROXIDE ON ALUMINUM.
(1) Reaction of steam with natural gas (steam reforming) and susequent
purification; (2) partial oxidation of hydrocarbons to carbon monoxide and
interaction of carbon monoxide and steam; (3) gasification of coal ...; (4)
dissociation of ammonia; (5) thermal or catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons
gases; (6) catalytic reforming of naphtha; (7) reaction of iron and steam; (8)
catalytic reaction of methanol and steam; (9) electrolysis of water ... . In
view of the importance of hydrogen as a major energy source of the future,
development of the most promising of these methods may be expected.
General Manufacturing Information:
... HYDROGEN GAS UNDER ORDINARY CONDITIONS IS A MIX OF 2 KINDS OF MOLECULES,
KNOWN AS ORTHO- & PARA-HYDROGEN, WHICH DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER BY THE SPINS
OF THEIR ELECTRONS & NUCLEI. NORMAL HYDROGEN @ ROOM TEMP CONTAINS 25% OF
PARA FORM & 75% ORTHO FORM. THE ORTHO FORM CANNOT BE PREPD IN THE PURE
STATE.
PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN IN USA ALONE NOW AMT TO ABOUT 3 BILLION CU FT/YR.
Method of purification: by scrubbing with various soln ... especially the
Girbitol absorption process. For very pure hydrogen, by diffusion through
palladium.
... HYDROGEN IS REGARDED BY SOME AUTHORITIES AS THE ULTIMATE ENERGY SOURCE.
SPLITTING OF WATER MOLECULE BY THERMOCHEMICAL OR NUCLEAR REACTOR TECHNOLOGY IS
CONSIDERED TO BE AN ACTIVE FUTURE POSSIBILITY FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN IN HIGH
VOLUME FOR USE AS AN ENERGY SOURCE.
More efficient methods than electrolysis for obtaining hydrogen from water
are under investigation. One of these is thermochemical decomposition. Another
is photochemical decomposition by solar radiation, either directly or via a
solar power generator. Photolytic decomposition of water with platinum catalyst
has been achieved. Hydrogen can also be obtained by photolytic decomposition of
hydrogen sulfide with cadmium sulfide catalyst.
Worldwide, hydrogen as a raw material for the chemical
industry is derived as follows: 77% from natural gas/petroleum, 18% from coal,
4% by water electrolysis, and 1% by other means. Significant quantities of
hydrogen, especially to satisfy refinery hydrogen demand, are produced as
by-product -H2.
The U.S. consumes about 1.2 EJ (1.1X10+15 Btu (1.1 quad)) of hydrogen
annually. Most U.S. hydrogen production, estimated at over 6.5X10+10 cu m/yr
(2.3X10+12 cu ft/yr) is used captively...Sales or merchant use may total about
2.0X10+9 cu m, ca 3%, of production.
Formulations/Preparations:
Grades: technical; pure, from an electrolytic grade of 99.8% to ultra-pure,
with less than 10 ppm impurities.
Consumption Patterns:
CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE FOR AMMONIA,
56%; PETROLEUM REFINING, 25%; CHEMICAL
INTERMEDIATE FOR METHANOL, 7%; OTHER, 12% (1980)
U.S. consumption of hydrogen in 1988: 49% as chemical
intermediate for ammonia; 37% in petroleum refining; 8% as chemical
intermediate for methanol; 6% as other uses
U. S. Production:
(1977) 8.48X10+10 CU FT
(1979) 9.93X10+10 CU FT
Daily Capacity: 4,197,260 thousands of cu ft
U.S. ... about 3 billion cu ft/yr
U. S. Exports:
(1977) 5.91X10+8 CU FT
(1979) 1.27X10+8 CU FT
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
The determination of hydrogen content of an organic cmpd consists of complete
combustion of the material to produce water and carbon dioxide, and
determination of the water. Depending on the sample sizes involved, the
technique can be macro (0.1-0.2 g), micro (2-10 mg), submicro (0.02-0.2 mg), or
somewhere in between. ... The ... most reliable technique for water
determination is gravimetric with the water absorbed and weighed on a dessicant,
such as magnesium perchlorate. ... Instrumental methods, such as gas
chromatography and mass spectrometry, can also be used to determine the water of
combustion.
Special References:
Special Reports:
Harper SR, Pohland FG; Recent developments in hydrogen management during
anaerobic biological wastewater treatment; Biotechnol Bioeng 28 (4): 585-602
(1986).
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Related HSDB Records:
Synonyms:
H
**PEER REVIEWED**
MOLECULAR HYDROGEN
**PEER REVIEWED**
PROTIUM
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
Grades: technical; pure, from an electrolytic grade of 99.8% to ultra-pure,
with less than 10 ppm impurities.
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1049; Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed
IMO 2.1; Hydrogen; Hydrogen, compressed; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid
UN 1966; Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/MW8900000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 5026
Last Revision Date: 20020118
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 5/6/2000
The above information is taken directly from http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
Pesticide
Human Health Effects
PESTICIDE HEALTH EFFECTS ON HUMANS. ... Type of
Pesticide: Fumigants. CHEMICAL
FAMILY: HYDROGEN CYANIDE ACRYLONITRILE, AND SODIUM CYANIDE. ...
http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/facts-slides-self/facts/gen-posaf-health.html
More Results From: pmep.cce.cornell.edu
Hydrogen
Sulfide Gas - "Rotten Eggs"
... Hydrogen sulfide does not accumulate in the body; acute health
effects don't occur
until the exposure to H2S is greater than the body's ability to excrete the ...
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/eggs.htm
More Results From: www.niehs.nih.gov
Chapter
6.2 Animal Health Effects (PDF)
... 6.2.2 Hydrogen Sulfide - Livestock Health Effects
Hydrogen sulfide is a potentially
lethal gas produced by anaerobic bacterial decomposition of protein and ...
http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/ehsrc/CAFOstudy/CAFO_6-2.pdf
More Results From: www.public-health.uiowa.edu
<b>(2000)</b>
Health Effects of Low-Level Hydrogen Sulfide in ...
... File >Print. Agency: Environmental Science Board. (2000) Health
Effects
of Low-Level Hydrogen Sulfide in Ambient Air. Unless otherwise ...
http://www.michigan.gov/mesb/1,1607,7-117-1254-28630--,00.html
More Results From: www.michigan.gov
Subject:
Hydrogen Sulfide and its Health Effects - from oil to ...
(MICROSOFT WORD)
... HYDROGEN SULFIDE'S HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS ARE
WELL KNOWN INCLUDING AS A NEUROTOXIN
IN THE LOW PART PER BILLION RANGE OF ROUTINE EXPOSURE General information ...
http://www.factoryfarm.org/docs/hydrogen_sulfide.doc
More Results From: www.factoryfarm.org
Potential
Health Effects of Odor
... Reactive inorganic gases such as AMMONIA and hydrogen ...
paradigms by which ambient odors
may produce health ... also cause irritation (or other
toxicological effects ...
http://www.penweb.org/issues/sludge/health-odor.htm
More Results From: www.penweb.org
Matheson
Tri-Gas MSDS Hydrogen
... COMPONENT: HYDROGEN CAS NUMBER: 1333-74-0 EC NUMBER (EINECS):
215-605-7 EC INDEX
NUMBER: 001-001-00-9 PERCENTAGE: 100.0 ... POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
...
http://www.matheson-trigas.com/msds/Hydrogen.htm
Health
Effects of Pulp Mill Pollution
... and Safety in Pulp Mills Using Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, Hydrogen
... Risk Management
Group (COFI), Chlorine/Chlorine Dioxide: Review of Health Effects
...
http://www.rfu.org/Health.htm
More Results From: www.rfu.org
Health
Effects of Tritium (PDF)
Page 1. March 2002 u PAGE 1 OF 2 Health Effects of Tritium
Tritium Tritium
is a radioactive form of hydrogen. An atom of normal hydrogen ...
http://www.srs.gov/general/news/newpub-rel/factsheets/het.pdf
Abolition
2000 - RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS WORKING GROUP
... end of 1997 with Abolition 2000 Radiation Health Effects
... and specific dates for,
development of a comprehensive health ... a) above-ground hydrogen
bomb tests;; b ...
http://www.abolition2000.org/resolutions/radiation_health_resolution.html
ATSDR
- Toxicological Profile: Hydrogen Sulfide
... Toxicological Profile for. Hydrogen Sulfide. CAS#
7783-06-4. July ... toxicological profile
succintly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects
...
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp114.html
More Results From: www.atsdr.cdc.gov
Abolition
2000 - RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS WORKING GROUP
... end of 1997 with Abolition 2000 Radiation Health Effects
... and specific dates for,
development of a comprehensive health ... a) above-ground hydrogen
bomb tests; b ...
http://www.hookele.com/abolition2000/radiation-health.html
Province
of Manitoba | Manitoba Health | CMOH Media Bulletin
... that people living in the area should not be at increased risk
for long-term health
effects or permanent health problems as long as ambient levels
of hydrogen ...
http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cmoh/tilston.html
More Results From: www.gov.mb.ca
California
Hydrogen Business Council - HYDROGEN & HEALTH -
Page ...
... Board (under the auspices of the Long-Term Exposure Health
Effects ... of Environmental
Health Sciences (which funds the Southern California Environmental Health
...
http://www.ch2bc.org/index14.htm
More Results From: www.ch2bc.org
Encyclopędia
Britannica
... of Health Effects of Chemicals: I, Carbon
Tetrachloride: Health Effects, Toxicokinetics,
Human Exposure & Environmental Fate Buy this Book. Hydrogen Effects
on ...
http://www.britannica.com/search?query=Ramsauer-Townsend+effect
More Results From: www.britannica.com
Reliant
Energy HL&P - For Your Home - Toxic Release Inventory - ...
... Sulfur is present in coal and combines with oxygen and hydrogen
during ... Metal galvanizing,
Die casting, Wood preservatives, Too low to cause health effects
...
http://www.hlp.com/aboutus/toxicrelease/chemicals/
ACRONYMS
FOR "H"
... HC Hazardous Constituents HC Hydrocarbons HCCPD
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene HCl Hydrogen ... HDT
Heavy-Duty Truck HDV Heavy-Duty Vehicle HEA Health Effects ...
http://www.umr.edu/~aeg/arco/h.arco.html
Proceedings
of the 1999 US DOE Hydrogen Program Review (PDF)
... agency committee X Stress health effects of air
pollution X Health Effects ... of direct
recharging of fuel cell vehicles X Increased employment in hydrogen ...
http://www.eren.doe.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/26938uu.pdf
More Results From: www.eren.doe.gov
Second
Hand Smoke
... and health effects. A source list of studies on
which this summary is based can be
obtained by contacting or you can download the PDF version by clicking here.
...
http://www.smoke-free.ca/Health/Healtheffectssmoke.htm
Idle
but deadly - Health Canada Tobacco Control Programme
... a substance declared toxic or carcinogenic to human health
... a substance which may have
some adverse effects ... 6. Chemical facts. Hydrogen
cyanide, formaldehyde and ...
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/tobacco/legislation/warnings/e_n.html
More Results From: www.hc-sc.gc.ca