HYDROCHLORIC ACID
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Acute Health Effects:
Corrosive to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Short-term inhalation may
cause coughing, hoarseness, inflammation and ulceration of the respiratory
tract, chest pain, and pulmonary edema. Skin contact may produce severe burns,
ulceration, and scarring.
Chronic Health Effects:
Long-term occupational exposure to hydrochloric acid has been reported to cause
gastritis, chronic bronchitis, dermatitis, and photosensitization in workers.
Prolonged exposure to low concentrations may also cause discoloration and
erosion of the teeth.
Human Health Effects:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence for
the carcinogenicity in humans of hydrochloric acid. There
is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity in experimental animals of hydrochloric
acid. Overall evaluation: Hydrochloric acid is
not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
BURNS ON THE FACE MAY PRODUCE SERIOUS AND
DISFIGURING SCARS. DIGESTIVE DISEASES ARE FREQUENT AND ARE CHARACTERIZED BY
DENTAL MOLECULAR NECROSIS IN WHICH THE TEETH LOSE THEIR SHINE, TURN YELLOW,
BECOME SOFT, POINTED, AND THEN BREAK OFF.
MISTS OF HEATED METAL PICKLING SOLN MAY CAUSE
BLEEDING OF NOSE & GUMS, AS WELL AS ULCERATION OF NASAL AND ORAL MUCOSA. ...
AFTER INGESTION OF MURIATIC
ACID (27% HCL), FINDINGS IN 24 PATIENTS CONSISTED OF MUCOSAL EDEMA,
SUBMUCOSAL EDEMA OR HEMORRHAGE, ULCERATIONS, SLOUGHING OF MUCOSA, ATONY, &
DILATATION. STRICTURES OF ESOPHAGUS WERE PRESENT IN CHRONIC PHASE.
The purpose of this study was to determine
whether or not gastroduodenal acidification with either 400 ml of pH 1 citric
acid or pH 0.85 hydrochloric acid resulted in ulcer
type pain in patients with endoscopically documented active symptomatic duodenal
ulcer under double blind randomized conditions. Gastric acidification equivalent
to 80 mmol/hr failed to induce pain in most patients with active symptomatic
duodenal ulcer. These observations suggest that duodenal ulcer pain is largely
unrelated to duodenal acidification.
SYMPTOMATOLOGY (after ingestion or skin
contact): 1) Corrosion of mucous membranes of mouth, throat, and esophagus, with
immediate pain and dysphagia. The necrotic areas are at first grayish white but
soon acquire a blackish discoloration and sometimes a shrunken or wrinkled
texture; the process is described as a "coagulation necrosis." 2)
Epigastric pain, which may be associated with nausea and the vomiting of mucoid
and "coffee-ground" material. At times, gastric hemorrhage may be
intense, and the vomitus then contains fresh blood. Profound thirst /SRP: may be
present/. 3) Ulceration of all membranes and tissues with which the acid comes
in contact ... . /Acids/
SYMPTOMATOLOGY (after ingestion or skin
contact): 4) Circulatory collapse with clammy skin, weak and rapid pulse,
shallow respirations, and scanty urine. Circulatory shock is often the immediate
cause of death. 5) Asphyxial death due to glottic edema. 6) Late esophageal,
gastric and pyloric strictures and stenoses, which may require major surgical
repair, should be anticipated. Signs of obstruction commonly appear within a few
weeks but may be delayed for months and even years. Permanent scars may also
appear in the cornea, skin and oropharynx. 7) Uncorrected circulatory collapse
of several hours' duration may lead to renal failure and ischemic lesions in the
liver and heart. /Acids/
A case is reported of a hospital pharmacist's
arithmetic error that resulted in a fatal dose of hydrochloric
acid 20 times stronger than the strength ordered. To correct a fluid
imbalance, hydrochloric acid 100 mmol/l/24 hr had been
ordered.
A plant based case control study was
undertaken to investigate a possible excess of brain tumor mortality identified
at a Texas chemical plant from a sample based cohort study. No statistically
significant associations were found.
CONCN OF 50 TO 100 PPM ARE TOLERABLE FOR 1 HR.
CONCN OF 1,000 TO 2,000 PPM ARE DANGEROUS, EVEN FOR BRIEF EXPOSURES. MORE SEVERE
EXPOSURES RESULT IN PULMONARY EDEMA, AND OFTEN LARYNGEAL SPASM. MISTS OF HYDROCHLORIC
ACID ARE CONSIDERED LESS HARMFUL THAN ANHYD HCL, SINCE DROPLETS HAVE NO
DEHYDRATING ACTION.
Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
in the lung can cause /SRP: delayed/ pulmonary edema. In order for hydrogen
chloride in air to reach the lung, it must be transported either as an
aerosol or as a deposit on soot particles of less than 3 um in diameter.
Particulates in smoke from incineration of chlorinated polymers can transport
HCl gas to the lung.
Ingestion of hydrochloric
acid causes edema of the glottis.
The toxicity of hydrochloric
acid after inhalation or ingestion is due to local effect on the mucous
membranes at the site of absorption.
... A REPORT BY SOVIET INVESTIGATORS THAT
WORKERS EXPOSED TO HYDROCHLORIC ACID SUFFERED FROM
GASTRITIS. A NUMBER OF CASES OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS WERE ALSO OBSERVED.
CONTACT WITH CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS OF HYDROCHLORIC
ACID IN CLEANING METAL GIVES RISE TO SMALL BURNS AND ULCERATIONS OF THE
HANDS.
Upper limit of safety for man ... about 45
mg/cu m (30 ppm) ... even this might be harmful if daily exposures were
continued over periods longer than 1 month.
Although corrosive action is a drastic form of
toxicity, many of the compounds that produce it are easily detoxified or
excreted if presented in low concn and some, such as hydrochloric
acid and iodine, are essential to the normal function of the body.
Caution: Corrosive burns may result from the
inhalation of acid fumes and from skin contact with or the ingestion of strong
acid. Symptoms after ingestion or skin contact include immediate pain and
ulceration of all membranes and tissues which come in contact with the acid.
Ingestion may be assoc with nausea, vomiting and intense thirst; corrosion of
the stomach may lead within a few hours or a few days to gastric perforation and
peritonitis. Late esophageal, gastric and pyloric strictures and stenoses should
be anticipated. Contact of conc acid with the eye can cause extensive necrosis
of the conjunctiva and corneal epithelium, resulting in perforation or opaque
scarring. Chemical pneumonitis can be expected after respiratory exposure to
acid vapors or after tracheobronchial aspiration of ingested acid. Death may
occur due to complications such as circulatory shock, asphyxia due to glottic or
laryngeal edema, perforation of the stomach with peritonitis, gastric
hemorrhage, infection or anition due to stricture formation.
Sharp, pungent irritating odor; recognition
odor in air 10 ppm; TLV = 5 ppm; 35 ppm causes irritation of throat; 50-100 ppm
can be tolerated for 1 hr. Longer exposure may result in pulmonary edema and
laryngeal spasm. Concn of 1,000-2,000 ppm are dangerous even for brief exposure.
Anhydrous fumes are more harmful than mists. Can damage vision. Symptoms include
vomiting, diarrhea, intense thirst, and circulatory collapse.
Inhalation of hydrochloric
acid at irritating concentrations causes coughing, pain, inflammation,
and edema of the upper respiratory tract. At high concn, the gas causes necrosis
of the bronchial epithelium, constriction of the larynx and bronchi, and closure
of the glottis. Concentrations of the 1000 to 2000 ppm and higher are
immediately dangerous. One fatal case of overexposure has been reported;
postmortem examination showed severe pulmonary hemorrhage, edema, and
pneumonitis.
Short term exposures have been reported to
induce transitory obstruction in the respiratory tract, which diminishes with
repeated exposure, suggesting adaption. Acclimatized workers can work
undisturbed with a hydrogen chloride level of 15 mg/cu
m (10 ppm), but long-term exposure can affect the teeth, resulting in erosion of
the inciso-labial surfaces.
The major effects of hydrogen
chloride are those of local irritation . It is generally believed that
exposure to hydrogen chloride does not result in
effects on organs some distance from the portal of entry.
Small quantities are reportedly more easily
detected by taste than by smell ... 52 mg/cu m (approx 35 ppm), a level below
the threshold for taste or eye irritation, can induce sneezing, laryngitis,
chest pain, hoarseness, and a feeling of suffocation.
In addition to determining odor threshold
levels ... tests /were conducted/ to evaluate the effects of hydrochloric
acid aerosols on optical chronaxie, blood vessel tone, dark adaptation,
and respiration. The results varied. Inhalation of the aerosol in concentrations
of 0.6-1.5 mg/cu m (0.40-1.01 ppm) shifted the value for optical chronaxie, but
those of 0.2-0.4 mg/cu m (0.13-0.27 ppm) did not induce any appreciable effect.
The threshold level for this test was determined statistically to be 0.6 mg/cu m
(0.40 ppm), a value higher than the odor threshold reported by this author.
Changes in blood vessel tone were also observed at levels above the values
related to odor threshold. Only at, or above 0.5 mg/cu m (0.34 ppm) did
inhalation of hydrochloric acid aerosols effect changes
in vascular reactions. In contrast, the threshold levels for dark adaptation and
respiration effects were similar to that for odor perception, i.e., 0.2 mg/cu m
(0.13 ppm) and 0.1-0.2 mg/cu m (0.07-0.13 ppm), respectively.
Exposure to hydrochloric
acid can produce burns on the skin and mucous membranes, the severity of
which is related to the concentration of the solution. Subsequently, ulceration
may occur, followed by keloid and retractile scarring. Contact with the eyes may
produce reduced vision or blindness. frequent contact with aqueous solutions of hydrochloric
acid may lead to dermatitis. ... Dental decay, with changes in tooth
structure, yellowing, softening and breaking of teeth, and related digestive
diseases are frequent after exposures to hydrochloric acid.
In one of eight asthmatic volunteers exposed
to an aerosol of unbuffered hydrochloric acid at pH 2
for 3 min during tidal breathing, airway resistance was increased by 50%.
bronchoconstriction was increased in all eight subjects after inhalation of a
mixture of hydrochloric acid and glycine at pH 2.
Dysphagia and transient ulceration of the
oesophagus with luminal narrowing are usually observed following ingestion of hydrochloric
acid.
Ingestion by healthy volunteers of hydrochloric
acid at 50 mM/day for four days resulted in a fall in blood and urinary
urea, with a concomitant rise in urinary excretion of ammonia.
Acid aspiration leads to an inflammatory
response characterized by the activation and pulmonary entrapment of platelets
and white blood cells.
Splash contact of concentrated strong acids,
such as hydrochloric acid can prove as severely and
devastatingly injurious to the eye as splashes of strong alkalies.
Dental erosion of the incisors was observed in
90% of picklers in a zinc galvanizing plant in the Netherlands, who spent 27% of
their time in air containing concentrations of hydrogen
chloride above the exposure limit (7 mg/cu m).
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
... HYDROGEN CHLORIDE WAS
IMMEDIATELY IRRITATING WHEN INHALED AT CONCN OF 5 PPM OR MORE.
A corrosive irritant to the skin, eyes, and
mucous membranes. ... A concn of 35 ppm causes irritation of the throat after
short exposure.
Caution: Corrosive burns may result from the
inhalation of acid fumes and from skin contact with or the ingestion of strong
acid. Symptoms after ingestion or skin contact include immediate pain and
ulceration of all membranes and tissues which come in contact with the acid.
Ingestion may be assoc with nausea, vomiting and intense thirst; corrosion of
the stomach may lead within a few hours or a few days to gastric perforation and
peritonitis. Late esophageal, gastric and pyloric strictures and stenoses should
be anticipated. Contact of conc acid with the eye can cause extensive necrosis
of the conjunctiva and corneal epithelium, resulting in perforation or opaque
scarring. Chemical pneumonitis can be expected after respiratory exposure to
acid vapors or after tracheobronchial aspiration of ingested acid. Death may
occur due to complications such as circulatory shock, asphyxia due to glottic or
laryngeal edema, perforation of the stomach with peritonitis, gastric
hemorrhage, infection or anition due to stricture formation.
Drug Warnings:
Warning: ... Correcting metabolic alkalosis
... soln of hydrochloric acid ... proved toxic and
caused side effects (in cats).
Medical Surveillance:
The following medical procedures should be
made available to each employee who is exposed to hydrogen
chloride at potentially hazardous levels: 1. Initial medical examination:
A complete history and physical examination: the purpose is to detect existing
conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to
establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the
respiratory system, skin, and eyes should be stressed. 14" x 17" chest
roentgenogram: Hydrogen chloride causes lung damage.
Surveillance of the lungs is indicated. FVC and FEV (1 sec): Hydrogen
chloride is a respiratory irritant. Persons with impaired pulmonary
function may be at increased risk from exposure. Periodic surveillance is
indicated. 2. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementioned medical
examinations should be repeated on an annual basis, except that an X-ray is
necessary only when indicated by the results of pulmonary function testing or by
signs and symptoms of respiratory disease.
Populations at Special Risk:
PERSONS SUFFERING FROM SKIN, RESPIRATORY, OR
DIGESTIVE DISEASES SHOULD /SRP: BE PROTECTED AGAINST WORK RELATED EXPOSURE TO HYDROCHLORIC
ACID/.
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Process sampling, maintenance, and breakdowns
/during hydrocarbon chlorination and dehydrochlorination/ may result in limited
short term exposure.
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
Call for medical aid. ... Move to fresh air.
If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is
difficult, give oxygen. ... Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Flush
affected areas with plenty of water. If swallowed and victim is conscious, have
victim drink water or milk. Do not induce vomiting.
Inhalation: remove person to fresh air; keep
him warm and quiet and get medical attention immediately; start artificial
respiration if breathing stops. Ingestion: have person drink water or milk; do
NOT induce vomiting. Eyes: immediately flush with plenty of water for at least
15 min and get medical attention; continue flushing for another 15 min if
physician does not arrive promptly. Skin: immediately flush skin while removing
contaminated clothing; get medical attention promptly; use soap and wash area
for at least 15 min.
For immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate
decontamination has been carried out. If victim is not breathing, start
artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator,
bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary.
Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce
vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side
(head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent
aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain
medical attention. /Inorganic acids and related compounds/
For basic treatment: Establish a patent
airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and
assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10
to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Monitor for
shock and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately
with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport
... Do not use emetics. Activated charcoal is not effective. For ingestion,
rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the
patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. ... Do not
attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry,
sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Inorganic acids and related
compounds/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence for
the carcinogenicity in humans of hydrochloric acid. There
is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity in experimental animals of hydrochloric
acid. Overall evaluation: Hydrochloric acid is
not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
THE INHALATION OF AIR CONTAINING 6,400 MG/CU M
FOR 30 MIN BY RABBITS AND GUINEA PIGS RESULTED IN DEATH, IN MANY INSTANCES FROM
LARYNGEAL SPASM, LARYNGEAL EDEMA OR RAPIDLY DEVELOPING PULMONARY EDEMA. ... WHEN
THE DURATION OF EXPOSURE WAS 2 TO 6 HR THE CONCN OF 1,000 MG/CU M CAUSED SOME
FATALITIES.
... EXPOSURES OF 6 HOURS DAILY @ 100 PPM
REPEATED FOR 50 DAYS CAUSED ONLY SLIGHT UNREST AND IRRITATION OF THE EYES AND
NOSE OF RABBITS, GUINEA PIGS AND PIGEONS. HEMOGLOBIN CONTENT OF BLOOD ...
SLIGHTLY DIMINISHED.
WHEN INHALED IN HIGH CONCN, THE GAS CAUSES
NECROSIS OF THE TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM AS WELL AS PULMONARY EDEMA,
ATELECTASIS, AND EMPHYSEMA, AND DAMAGE TO THE PULMONARY BLOOD VESSELS. /GAS/
THE REPEATED ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF DILUTE HYDROCHLORIC
ACID TO DOGS INDUCES ACUTE AND CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND DUODENITIS AND LEADS
TO THE APPEARANCE OF ULCERS OF THE PYLORUS, WHILE TOXIC DOSES LOWER THE ALKALINE
RESERVE OF THE BLOOD.
A later study showed that severe hypoxia
developed rapidly in baboons exposed to hydrogen chloride at
concentrations of 3500 to 4000 ppm, a finding that confirms the earlier view
that exposure to hydrogen chloride at concentrations of
1000 to 2000 ppm is dangerous even for a short time.
Baboons were exposed for 5 min to
concentrations ranging from 190 to 17,290 ppm, and rats for 5 min to
concentrations ranging from 11,800 to 87,660 ppm. Irritant effects were evident
in all animals except baboons exposed to the lowest concentrations. ... At the
highest exposure levels, animals experienced persistent respiratory effects and
died after exposure.
0.1 N HYDROCHLORIC ACID (0.3
ML/KG) WAS INSTILLED INTO LEFT LOWER LOBE BRONCHUS OF ANESTHETIZED DOGS.
REDUCTION IN PERFUSION TO EDEMATOUS AREA CORRELATED WITH AMT OF EXCESS LUNG LIQ,
& THIS REDUCTION IN PERFUSION REDUCED TOTAL PULMONARY SHUNT.
DOSE OF 5% HYDROCHLORIC ACID
CAUSED NEGLIGIBLE IRRITATION TO THE ALBINO RABBIT EYE. NEGLIGIBLE=
CLEARING WITHIN 24 HR.
Hydrochloric acid has
a powerful corrosive action on the living tissues of livestock. ...
Gaseous hydrogen chloride in
the presence of a minute amount of vapor, rapidly inactivates bacterial spores
of Bacillus subtilis; causing the spores to collapse. /Gas/
At ambient temperature, and pressure of 4 kPa,
naked spores of Bacillus subtilis were reduced in viability by a factor of
100,000 within 10 sec.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
in air can also be a phytotoxicant. Tomatoes, sugar beets, and /certain/ fruit
trees are sensitive to HCl in air.
Water that contains hydrogen
chloride/hydrochloric acid in a dilution of 1:175,000 or about 6 mg/l
inhibits growth of the radical (stem) in plants.
The carcinogenic response to the combined and
separate exposures to formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrochloric
acid (HCl) was investigated in male inbred Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats
were exposed to gaseous formaldehyde 14 ppm, and HCl, 10 ppm. No carcinogenic
response was observed with HCl alone.
The concn of hydrochloric
acid that was found to be injurious to crops (irrigable) is 350 mg/l.
A group of 100 male Sprague Dawley rats were
exposed to 10 ppm hydrochloric acid for 6 hr/day, 5
days/wk, for life (maximum 128 wk). No significant increase in mortality or
tumor response among exposed animals compared with either colony control or air
exposed control groups. Exposed group of animals did exhibit an increased
incidence of hyperplasia of the larynx and trachea (22/99 and 26/99,
respectively).
No immediate deaths occurred among rabbit and
guinea pigs exposed for 5 min to a concn of 5500 mg/cu m (3685 ppm), but 100%
mortality was noted in the same animal species exposed to a concn of 1000 mg/cu
m (670 ppm) for 6 hr.
... Exposures insufficient to cause immediate
death were associated with delayed mortality, secondary to nasal and pulmonary
infections. Presumably, disruption of normal protective mechanisms allowed
bacteria to invade the damaged tissues. In support of this, focal superficial
ulceration of the respiratory epithelium at its junction with the squamous
epithelium of the external nares was reported in mice, 24 hr after a single
10-min exposure to 25-30 mg/cu m (17 ppm).
Respiratory irritation in mice exposed to hydrogen
chloride gas was studied ... Mice were exposed for 10 min to
concentrations ranging from 59.6 to 1405 mg/cu m (40 to 943 ppm), and
dose-response curves were plotted, using the percentage decrease in respiratory
rate for each exposure as the reaction reflecting sensory irritation of the
upper respiratory tract. The results showed chlorine gas to be 33 times more
irritating than hydrogen chloride gas, based on RD50
values of 27 mg/cu m (9.3 ppm) for chlorine and 460 mg/cu m (309 ppm) for hydrogen
chloride. The authors applied a 10-100 fold safety margin on the results
of this study and projected that an appropriate threshold limit value range for
human exposure to hydrogen chloride gas would be from
4.5 to 46.2 mg/cu m (3 to 31 ppm). However, the authors pointed out that other
factors, besides sensory irritation, must also be considered when selecting
exposure limits for man. /Gas/
... A study /was conducted/ to assess the role
of hydrogen chloride gas in explaining the overall
toxicity of the thermal decomposition products of polyvinyl chloride. Mice were
exposed to hydrogen chloride concentrations ranging
from approximately 29.8 to 29,800 mg/cu m (20 to 20,000 ppm) with deaths
occurring above 12,367 mg/cu m (8,300 ppm). Histopathological changes noted in
mice, killed 24 h after the exposure, revealed that the target organs included
the upper respiratory tract and the eyes, with secondary changes and passive
congestion in the lungs, intestine, liver, and kidneys. /Gas/
The histopathological effects in the upper
respiratory tracts of mice that had been given a single 10-min exposure to hydrogen
chloride, 24 h previously, were described ... Single exposure to the
lowest concentration of hydrogen chloride gas tested,
25.3 mg/cu m (17 ppm), caused minimal superficial ulcerations only in the
respiratory epithelium at its junction with the squamous epithelium of the
external nares. As the exposure was increased to 195.2-417 mg/cu m (131-280 ppm)
the adjacent respiratory epithelium underwent mucosal ulceration in a contiguous
fashion; and, at 737.6 mg/cu m (493 ppm), the squamous epithelium of the
external nares was also affected. At concentrations of hydrogen
chloride gas of 2940 mg/cu m (1973 ppm) or more, portions of the squamous,
respiratory, and olfactory epithelium of the upper respiratory tract were all
affected, with mucosal damage, followed by damage to the underlying supportive
tissues. /Gas/
Studies /were made/ of the effects of
irritating chemicals on the mucociliary activity of excised rabbit trachea, and
reported that there was a cessation of mucociliary activity after exposure to hydrogen
chloride gas at a concentration of 89.4 mg/cu m (60 ppm) for 5 min or at
44.7 mg/cu m (30 ppm) for 10 min. /Gas/
... A dermal toxicity study ... reported a
corrosive skin response in rabbits after a 4 hr application of 0.5 ml of a
solution of hydrogen chloride in water at 170 g/L. A
similar application using a solution of hydrogen chloride in
water of 150 g/L was not corrosive to the skin, under the test conditons.
Application of 10 ul hydrochloric
acid to the cornea of rabbits caused desquamation of the surface
epithelial cells at concentrations of > or = 0.001 N.
Three weeks after intratracheal instillation
of 0.5 ml of 0.08 N hydrochloric acid into hamsters, a
significant increase in secretory-cell metaplasia was observed in the bronchi,
evaluated by estimating the amount of secretory product in the airway epithelium
on histological slides.
Studies in experimental animals in vivo and in
vitro have been performed to elucidate the role of hydrochloric
acid in the mammalian stomach in inducing peptic ulcers and esophagitis.
Severe damage and increased permeability to H+ ions were observed in the
oesophagus of rabbits after perfusion in vivo with solutions of hydrochloric
acid (40-80 mM/l). Esophagitis was also observed in cats treated with hydrochloric
acid (pH 1-1.3) for 1 hour. Isolated rat stomach and duodenum treated
with 20-50 mM hydrochloric acid for 10 min showed
extensive damage of the basal lamina. Oral administration of 0.35 N hydrochloric
acid protected the gastric mucosa of rats against 0.6 N HCl-induced
gastric lesions for 2 hours. The pretreatment significantly increased
prostaglandin concentrations in the gastric fundic mucosa.
Hydrochloric acid did
not induce reverse mutations in Escherichia coli but caused mutations in L5178Y
mouse lymphoma cells at the tk locus.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LC50 Rat ihl 3124 ppm/1 hr
LC50 Mouse ihl 1108 ppm/1 hr
LD50 Mouse ip 1449 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit oral 900 mg/kg
LC50 Rat ihl 4701 ppm/30 mos /Hydrogen
chloride gas/
LC50 Mouse ihl 2644 ppm/30 mos /Hydrogen
chloride gas/
Ecotoxicity Values:
LC100 Trout 10 mg/l/24 hr /Conditions of
bioassay not specified/
LC50 Shrimp 100 to 330 ppm/48 hr (salt water)
/Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Starfish 100 to 330 mg/l/48 hr
/Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Cockle 330 to 1,000 mg/l/48 hr
/Conditions of bioassay not specified/
TLm Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish) 282 ppm/96
hr (fresh water) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Carassius auratus (goldfish) 178 mg/l (1
to 2 hr survival time) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Shore crab 240 mg/l/48 hr /Conditions of
bioassay not specified/
Lethal Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish)
3.6 mg/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish) 96
hr at pH between 3.5 and 3.0 /hydrogen ion concn/ /Conditions of bioassay not
specified/
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
Following intravenous infusion of 0.15 M hydrochloric
acid into rats (50 ml/kg body weight/hour) and dogs (20 ml/kg body
weight/hour), urinary excretion of the chloride ion was increased in both
species.
Acute metabolic acidosis ... decreased
proximal fluid reabsorption and increased the fractional delivery of sodium and
calcium to the distal tubules, but not to the final urine. In comparison with
normal dogs, dogs with chronic metabolic acidosis showed an increase in proximal
fluid reabsorption and a dissociation of calcium from sodium reabsorption more
distally, leading to an increase delivery of calcium relative to the sodium at
the distal tubule and in the final urine.
Acids that are more lipid-soluble have greater
penetration capability and produce more tissue damage. Sulfurous acid is more
lipid-soluble than hydrochloric acid, followed by
phosphoric acid and sulfuric acids. /Acids/
Mechanism of Action:
The biological activity of hydrogen
chloride is associated with its high solubility in water i.e., 23 moles/L
at 0 deg C. ... The hydrogen chloride in water
dissociates almost completely, with the hydrogen ion captured by the water
molecules to form the hydronium ion. The hydronium ion becomes a donor of a
proton that possesses catalytic properties and thus is capable of reacting with
organic molecules. This may explain the ability of hydrogen
chloride to induce cellular injury and necrosis.
Interactions:
Hydrochloric acid, carbon
monoxide, and unsaturated carbon cmpd interactions account for the extreme
toxicity of gases from polyvinyl chloride and other chloride containing
polymers.
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
... IN TREATMENT OF GASTRIC ACHLORHYDRIA. ...
FREE ACID IS ADMIN AS DILUTED HYDROCHLORIDE ACID (10%)
IN DOSE OF 5 TO 10 ML IN 125 TO 250 ML OF WATER, OFTEN IN SEVERAL DIVIDED DOSES
@ 15-MIN INTERVAL. IT MUST BE SIPPED THROUGH A TUBE.
VET: INTERNALLY ... IN ACHLORHYDRIA &
HYPOCHLORHYDRIA ESP IN PUPS & IN SOME DOGS ... UP TO 2 YR OF AGE. ...
ORALLY, IN RUMEN ATONY OF CATTLE ESP IN THOSE CASES ASSOC WITH ACETONEMIA. ...
EFFECTIVE TOPICALLY ON MOLD SPORES (1-2%) & ANTIBACTERIAL AGAINST MANY
ORGANISMS. ...
PHARMACEUTIC AID (ACIDIFYING AGENT); VET: HAS
BEEN USED AS GASTRIC ACIDIFIER.
MEDICATION (VET): ANTISEPTIC
MEDICATION (VET): INTERNALLY.
Drug Warnings:
Warning: ... Correcting metabolic alkalosis
... soln of hydrochloric acid ... proved toxic and
caused side effects (in cats).
Interactions:
Hydrochloric acid, carbon
monoxide, and unsaturated carbon cmpd interactions account for the extreme
toxicity of gases from polyvinyl chloride and other chloride containing
polymers.
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Process sampling, maintenance, and breakdowns
/during hydrocarbon chlorination and dehydrochlorination/ may result in limited
short term exposure.
Natural Pollution Sources:
OCCURS IN THE GASES EVOLVED FROM MANY
VOLCANOES. /GAS/
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Combustion of fuels (organic chlorides and
gasoline) produces hydrogen chloride. /Gas/
Hydrochloric acid is
produced from refuse incineration and the secondary metals industry (smelting of
scrap, not of ore). /Gas/
From thermodecomposition of gases: From
pyrolysis of some wire insulation materials such as polyvinyl chloride, also
chlorinated acrylics and retardant treated materials. /Gas/
Hydrogen chloride is
formed as a by-product in the numerous dehydrohalogenation processes used to
make unsaturated compounds from the parent chlorinated hydrocarbon.
... Coal fired power plant/s/ ... .
Environmental Fate:
Terrestrial Fate: When anhydrous hydrogen
chloride is spilled onto the soil, extensive evaporation will occur.
Therefore, with regard to infiltration into the soil, only hydrochloric
acid is considered. However, when hydrochloric acid is
spilled onto soil, it will begin to infiltrate. The presence of water in the
soil will influence the rate of chemical movement in the soil. During transport
through the soil, hydrochloric acid will dissolve some
of the soil material, in particular those of a carbonate base. The acid will be
neutralized to some degree. However, significant amounts of acid are expected to
remain for transport ... .
Hydrogen chloride in
water dissociates almost completely, with the hydrogen ion captured by the water
molecules to form the hydronium ion.
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
Hydrogen chloride in
water dissociates almost completely, with the hydrogen ion captured by the water
molecules to form the hydronium ion.
Atmospheric Concentrations:
IT IS A COMMON AIR CONTAMINANT. /GAS/
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Residues of hydrochloric
acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a
solvent, neutralizer in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or
occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing
crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs,
EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their
health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use.
Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data
for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984,
and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all
pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act
of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to
the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists
based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B
containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Hydrogen
chloride is found on List D. Case No: 4064; Pesticide type: fungicide,
herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: RED Approved 02/94; OPP has made a
decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as
reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document .; Active
ingredient (AI): hydrogen chloride; AI Status: OPP has
completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are
subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at
40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Hydrogen
chloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting
requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity
(TPQ) of 500 lbs. /Gas form only/
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are
required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is
a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or
greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number
of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202)
426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40
CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
Atmospheric Standards:
Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP)
generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air
Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to
sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to
establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission
sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Hydrochloric
acid is included on this list.
Clean Water Act Requirements:
Designated as a hazardous substance under
section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further
regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations
apply to discharges of this substance.
FDA Requirements:
Hydrochloric acid used
as a buffer and neutralizing agent in animal drugs, feeds, and related products
is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing
or feeding practice.
Hydrochloric acid used
as a buffer and neutralizing agent in food for human consumption is generally
recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.
Allowable Tolerances:
Residues of hydrochloric
acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a
solvent, neutralizer in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or
occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing
crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
Cl-H
Molecular Weight:
36.46
Color/Form:
Colorless or slightly yellow fuming liquid
Pale yellow liquid
Odor:
Pungent, irritating odor
Taste:
Taste threshold: 1.60X10-4 moles/l
(recognition in water, chemically pure); 1.30X10-4 M/l (recognition in water,
chemically pure); 1.10X10-4 M/l (recognition in water, chemically pure)
Boiling Point:
108.58 deg C containing 20.22% HCl in water
Corrosivity:
Aq soln of hydrochloric acid
attack nearly all metals (mercury, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, and
certain alloys are exceptions).
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
is one of the most corrosive of the nonoxidizing acids in contact with copper
alloys, and is successfully handled in dilute solutions. The corrosion rate of
cupro-nickel in 2N HCl at 24 deg C is 2.3-7.6 mm/yr, depending upon the degree
of aeration and other factors.
Anhydrous hydrogen chloride is
not corrosive. /Hydrochloric acid gas/
Hydrochloric acid is
a strong, highly corrosive acid
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.05 @ 15 deg C/4 deg C (10.17% w/w soln);
1.10 @ 20 deg C/4 deg C (20% w/w soln); 1.15 (29.57%); 1.20 (39.11%)
Heat of Vaporization:
178 Btu/lb= 98.6 cal/g= 4.13X10+5 J/kg
pH:
pH: 0.10 (1.0 N); 1.10 (0.1 N); 2.02 (0.01 N);
3.02 (0.001 N); 4.01 (0.0001 N)
Solubilities:
56.1 G/100 CC HOT WATER @ 60 DEG C
82.3 G/100 CC COLD WATER @ 0 DEG C
327 G/100 CC ALCOHOL
SOL IN BENZENE
SOL IN ETHER; INSOL IN HYDROCARBONS
Soluble in water, alcohol, and benzene
Spectral Properties:
Index of refraction: 1.34168 @ 18 deg C/D (1.0
N soln)
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Ratio of Specific Heat of Vapor: 1.398 /Hydrochloric
acid gas/
Decomposition temperature: 1782 deg C.
Critical density: 424 g/l /Hydrochloric
acid gas/
Heat of Soln: -860 Btu/lb= -480 cal/g=
-20X10+5 J/kg
Heat of fusion= 0.476 kcal/mole
MAY BE COLORED YELLOW BY TRACES OF IRON,
CHLORINE, AND ORGANIC MATTER.
BP: -84.9 DEG C /GAS/
MP: -114.8 DEG C /GAS/
Freezing pt (deg C): -17.4 (10.81% soln);
-62.25 (20.69% soln); -46.2 (31.24% soln); -25.4 (39.17% soln), Gemlin's,
chlorine (8th ed) 6,136-137 (1927).
Boiling weaker or stronger aqueous solution
results in loss of either component until constant boiling acid is obtained.
Attacks most metal with the evolution of
hydrogen.
Refractive index: gas at 273.16 deg K= 1.00
/gas/
... mixing of formaldehyde and hydrogen
chloride could result in generation of bis(chloromethyl)ether, a potent
human carcinogen.
Colorless gas /Hydrochloric
acid, gas/
Colorless to slightly yellow gas (Note:
Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas).
Critical temperature: 51.54 deg C; Critical
pressure: 8.316 MPa (82.34 atm) /Hydrochloric acid gas/
Refractive index: liquid at 283.16 deg K=
1.254 /Hydrochloric acid gas/
Surface tension at 118.16 deg K is 23 mN/cm /Hydrochloric
acid gas/
Vapor pressure= 3.54X10+4 mm Hg @ 25 deg C /Hydrochloric
acid gas/
Viscosity: Liquid at 118.16 K, 0.405 mPa.s;
Vapor at 273.06 K, 0.0131 mPa.s /Hydrochloric acid gas/
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled,
swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact
or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or
toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or
toxic and cause pollution. /Hydrochloric acid; Hydrochloric
acid, mixture; Hydrochloric acid, solution/
Fire or explosion: Non-combustible, substance
itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or
toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. /Hydrochloric
acid; Hydrochloric acid, mixture; Hydrochloric acid, solution/
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response
Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 25 to
50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Hydrochloric acid;
Hydrochloric acid, mixture; Hydrochloric acid, solution/
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing
which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters'
protective clothing is recommended for fire situations ONLY; it is not effective
in spill situations. /Hydrochloric acid; Hydrochloric acid, mixture;
Hydrochloric acid, solution/
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or
tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all
directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all
directions. /Hydrochloric acid; Hydrochloric acid, mixture;
Hydrochloric acid, solution/
Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water
spray. Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire
area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal;
do not scatter the material. Do not use straight streams. Fire involving tanks
or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose
holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers
with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw
immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration
of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. For massive fire, use unmanned
hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible withdraw from area and
let fire burn. /Hydrochloric acid; Hydrochloric acid, mixture;
Hydrochloric acid, solution/
Spill or leak: Do not touch damaged containers
or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if
you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or
confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover
with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to
containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Hydrochloric
acid; Hydrochloric acid, mixture; Hydrochloric acid, solution/
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call
emergency medical care. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;
induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a
one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if
breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In
case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running
water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material
on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation,
ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical
personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect
themselves. /Hydrochloric acid; Hydrochloric acid, mixture;
Hydrochloric acid, solution/
Odor Threshold:
Air: 0.77 ul/l; Odor safety class C; C= less
than 50% of distracted persons perceive warning of TLV.
Odor low: 7.0 mg/cu m; Odor high: 49.0 mg/cu
m; strong irritating odor; Irritating concn= 49.00 mg/cu m.
Low threshold= 0.26 ppm. High threshold= 0.3
ppm.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
... HYDROGEN CHLORIDE WAS
IMMEDIATELY IRRITATING WHEN INHALED AT CONCN OF 5 PPM OR MORE.
A corrosive irritant to the skin, eyes, and
mucous membranes. ... A concn of 35 ppm causes irritation of the throat after
short exposure.
Caution: Corrosive burns may result from the
inhalation of acid fumes and from skin contact with or the ingestion of strong
acid. Symptoms after ingestion or skin contact include immediate pain and
ulceration of all membranes and tissues which come in contact with the acid.
Ingestion may be assoc with nausea, vomiting and intense thirst; corrosion of
the stomach may lead within a few hours or a few days to gastric perforation and
peritonitis. Late esophageal, gastric and pyloric strictures and stenoses should
be anticipated. Contact of conc acid with the eye can cause extensive necrosis
of the conjunctiva and corneal epithelium, resulting in perforation or opaque
scarring. Chemical pneumonitis can be expected after respiratory exposure to
acid vapors or after tracheobronchial aspiration of ingested acid. Death may
occur due to complications such as circulatory shock, asphyxia due to glottic or
laryngeal edema, perforation of the stomach with peritonitis, gastric
hemorrhage, infection or anition due to stricture formation.
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Use water spray to keep fire-exposed
containers cool. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. /Hydrogen
chloride, anhydrous; hydrogen chloride, refrigerated
liquid/
If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire
using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not
burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool
all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as
far a distance as possible.
Not flammable. Flammable gas may be produced
on contact with metals. Wear chemical protective suit with self-contained
breathing apparatus.
Firefighting Hazards:
Confined fires with high fuel loads of
polyvinyl chloride, such as a fire in a vault with a high load of polyvinyl
chloride coated electrical wiring, may generate sufficient hydrogen
chloride to cause irritation in fire fighters. Rapid combustion of
relatively large amt of polymer may yield ... hydrogen
chloride ... .
Explosive Limits & Potential:
Behavior in fire: Pressurized container may
explode and release toxic, irritating vapors.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Inadvertent mixing of formaldehyde and hydrogen
chloride could result in generation of bis(chloromethyl)ether, a potent
human carcinogen.
Anhydrous hydrogen chloride is
rapidly absorbed in water to form corrosive hydrochloric acid.
Aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions are quite
reactive. Reacts vigorously with alkalies and with many organic materials.
Strong oxidizing materials cause release of chlorine. /Hydrogen
chloride, anhydrous; hydrogen chloride, refrigerated
liquid/
CESIUM ACETYLENE CARBIDE BURNS IN HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE GAS. CESIUM CARBIDE IGNITES IN CONTACT WITH HYDROCHLORIC
ACID UNLESS ACID IS DILUTE. /GAS/
LITHIUM SILICIDE IN CONTACT WITH HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE BECOMES INCANDESCENT. WHEN DILUTE HYDROCHLORIC
ACID IS USED, GAS SPONTANEOUSLY FLAMMABLE IN AIR IS EVOLVED. MAGNESIUM
BORIDE ... TREATED WITH CONCN HYDROCHLORIC ACID PRODUCES
SPONTANEOUSLY FLAMMABLE GAS.
RUBIDIUM ACETYLENE CARBIDE BURNS WITH SLIGHTLY
WARM HYDROCHLORIC ACID OR WITH MOLTEN SULFUR. RUBIDIUM
CARBIDE IGNITES IN CONTACT WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID UNLESS
ACID IS DILUTE.
URANIUM PHOSPHIDE REACTS WITH HYDROCHLORIC
ACID TO RELEASE SPONTANEOUSLY FLAMMABLE PHOSPHINE.
CALCIUM CARBIDE REACTS WITH HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE GAS WITH INCANDESCENCE.
CALCIUM PHOSPHIDE & HYDROCHLORIC
ACID UNDERGO VERY ENERGETIC REACTION.
ABSORPTION OF GASEOUS HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE ON MERCURIC SULFATE BECOMES VIOLENT @ 125 DEG C. SODIUM REACTS
VERY VIGOROUSLY WITH GASEOUS HYDROGEN CHLORIDE. /GAS/
REACTION OF SILVER PERCHLORATE WITH CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE IN PRESENCE OF SMALL AMT OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID PRODUCES
TRICHLOROMETHYL PERCHLORATE, WHICH DETONATES @ 40 DEG C.
Aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions
react with most metals, forming flammable hydrogen gas. /Hydrogen
chloride, anhydrous; hydrogen chloride, refrigerated
liquid/
Hydroxides, amines, alkalis, copper, brass,
zinc [Note: Hydrochloric acid is highly corrosive to
most metals].
With sulfuric acid: Accidental addition of
6,500 liters of concn hydrochloric acid to a bulk
sulfuric acid storage tank released sufficient hydrogen
chloride by dehydration to cause the tank to explode violently. Complete
dehydration of hydrochloric acid solution releases some
250 volumes of gas.
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of
... /hydrogen chloride/.
Hazardous Polymerization:
Aldehydes and epoxides in the presence of hydrochloric
acid cause violent polymerization. Alcohol and glycols in the presence of
hydrochloric acid lead to dehydration reactions.
Prior History of Accidents:
A storage tank, containing about 750,000 l of
32% hydrochloric acid solution, started to leak its
contents when the natural rubber protective lining of the tank deteriorated and
the acid dissolved the flange at its base. Approximately 380,000 l of the
hydrochloric solution spilled on the ground and flowed towards a nearby river
before remedial actions were undertaken. A vapor cloud occurred above the spill
and dissipated within 300 m of the spill site. Firefighters initially used water
to wash the acid out of the spill area. This spill action was halted to reduce
the amount of acid reaching the river. Response crews arrived at the spill site,
wearing protective clothing and filter masks. Fourteen truckloads of oyster
shells were applied onto the spill area. The shells served a dual purpose;
Temporary containment of the acid by building dams with the shells and
neutralization. The neutralized residue was then raked and shoveled into
containers for disposal. The remaining hydrochloric acid in
the leaking tank was transferred to another tank. The acid, that reached the
river, killed more than 20 fish and a few blue crabs. Water samples revealed no
abnormal environmental effects since the river had been highly polluted for
quite some time. Several response personnel developed facial rashes two or three
days after the incident. This may have resulted when the winds suddenly shifted
direction and increased the exposure of acid fumes to their faces.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
50 ppm
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
WORKERS SHOULD WEAR ACID RESISTANT PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING, INCL HOODS, EYE & FACE PROTECTION, ACID RESISTANT HAND & ARM
PROTECTION, & FOOT & LEG PROTECTION ... WORKERS SHOULD WEAR RESP
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT OF SELF CONTAINED OR CANISTER TYPE DEPENDING ON CONCN.
For entry into a situation where the spilled
material and its characteristics are unknown ... a totally encapsulated chemical
suit should be worn.
Employees should be provided with and required
to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight inch minimum), splash
proof goggles, and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent
any possiblity of skin contact with mists or solutions of hydrogen
chloride which have a pH equal to or less than 3.0.
Non-impervious clothing that becomes wet with
solutions of hydrogen chloride or contaminated with hydrogen
chloride should be removed immediately and not reworn until the hydrogen
chloride is removed from the clothing.
Vendor recommendations concerning the
protective qualities of materials are as follow: neoprene, nitrile, chlorinated
polyethylene, and polyvinyl alcohol received A (highest) or B (good) ratings
from three or more venders, Natural rubber and nitrile/polyvinyl chloride
received A (highest) or B (good) ratings from less than three vendors, B (good)
and C (fair) ratings, with B's predominating, from several vendors,
Neoprene/styrene-butadiene rubber and polyurethane received B (good) and C
(fair) ratings, with C's predominating, from several vendors, C (fair) or D
(poor) ratings from less than three vendors.
Only NIOSH-approved or OSHA-approved equipment
should be used. Use of supplied- air suits may be necessary to prevent skin
contact while providing respiratory protection from airborne concentrations of hydrogen
chloride; however, this equipment should be selected, used, and
maintained under the immediate supervision of trained personnel. Where
supplied-air suits are used above a concentration of 100 ppm, an auxiliary
self-contained breathing apparatus operated in positive pressure mode should
also be worn.
Breakthrough times of chlorinated polyethylene
are greater than one hour reported by (normally) two or more testers. There are
some data suggesting breakthrough times of polycarbonate to be approximately an
hour or more.
Breakthrough times of natural rubber,
neoprene, nitrile, and polyvinyl chloride are greater than one hour reported by
(normally) two or more testers. Breakthrough times of natural rubber and
neoprene are greater than one hour reported by (normally) two or more testers.
There are some data suggesting the breakthrough times of nitrile, polyvinyl
chloride, Viton, and Saranex to be approximately an hour or more. /Hydrochloric
acid, 30-70%/
WORKSHOPS IN WHICH HYDROCHLORIC
ACID IS FREQUENTLY HANDLED SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH EMERGENCY SHOWERS AND
EYEWASH EQUIPMENT, ETC.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing
to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing
to prevent the skin from becoming frozen from contact with the liquid or from
contact with vessels containing the liquid.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye
contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from
frostbite.
Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas
where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance;
this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye
protection.
Facilities for quickly drenching the body
should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there
is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities should
provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance
from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what
constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific
circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily
available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose
could be considered adequate.]
Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash
fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use
where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or
rapidly evaporating.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max
concn for use: 50 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any chemical cartridge respirator
with cartridge(s) providing protection against the compound of concern. May
require eye protection. Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask)
with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted canister providing protection against
the compound of concern. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with cartridge(s)
providing protection against the compound of concern. May require eye
protection. Any supplied-air respirator. May require eye protection. Any
self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection.
Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions:
Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full
facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary
self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection.
Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator
Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a
chin-style, front- or back-mounted acid gas canister. Any appropriate
escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Avoid contact by leakage or otherwise with all
common metal. PVA not recommended for gloves; eye protectors and rubberized
clothing should be worn in spill area. Respiratory equipment may be necessary
and should not be constructed of materials susceptible to rapid corrosion by
acid.
Preventive Measures:
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of
contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of
wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors
including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the
exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the
lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or
corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be
harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn.
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when
contact lenses are in place.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID SHOULD
BE MANUFACTURED IN CLOSED SYSTEMS; PARTICULAR ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO THE
DETECTION OF LEAKS ... WHEN HANDLING ... (LOADING, UNLOADING, AND DECANTING),
MEASURES SHOULD BE TAKEN TO AVOID SPLASHES OR THE INHALATION OF VAPORS ...
DIFFICULT OPERATIONS SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT IN FUME CUPBOARDS OR UNDER EXHAUST
VENTILATION AND AN ABUNDANT SUPPLY OF WATER SHOULD ALWAYS BE AVAILABLE ...
WORKERS SHOULD NEVER ENTER TANKS OR OTHER VESSELS THAT HAVE CONTAINED HYDROCHLORIC
ACID UNTIL ... THEY HAVE BEEN CLEANED.
Aqueous scrubbers are used to control hydrogen
chloride emissions from vent stacks and other sources.
If material not involved in fire: Keep
material out of water sources, and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as
necessary. Use water spray to knock down vapors. Neutralize spilled material
with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime.
Contact lenses should not be worn when working
with this chemical.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should
be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by
personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to
ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented
before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the
workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but
should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
The worker should immediately wash the skin
when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or
significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.
Stability/Shelf Life:
Hydrochloric acid has
high thermal stability.
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a
hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is
registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed,
described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required
or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board
pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry
carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting
hazardous materials.
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods
Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed
recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for
good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A
general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should
always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be
used when shipping any substance or article.
Storage Conditions:
Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location.
Separate from oxidizing materials, organic materials, and alkalies. /Hydrogen
chloride, anhydrous; hydrogen chloride, refrigerated
liquid/
THE ACID SHOULD NOT BE STORED IN THE VICINITY
OF FLAMMABLE OR OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES, EG NITRIC ACID OR CHLORATES, OR NEAR
METALS AND METAL HYDRIDES THAT MAY BE ATTACKED BY THE ACID ... ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE FLAMEPROOF AND PROTECTED AGAINST CORROSIVE ACTION. ...
No part of a cylinder should be subjected to a
temp above 52 deg C.
STORAGE AREAS SHOULD BE WELL VENTILATED AND
HAVE A CEMENT FLOOR AND SHELTER FROM DIRECT SUNLIGHT AND HEAT SHOULD BE
PROVIDED.
Storage temp: Ambient or lower; Venting:
Safety relief.
Cleanup Methods:
If hydrogen chloride gas
is leaked ... 1. Ventilate area of leak to disperse gas. 2. Stop flow of gas. If
source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the
leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, and repair the leak or allow
the cylinder to empty. If soln of hydrogen chloride is
spilled ... 1. Collect or confine spilled material in the most convenient and
safe manner. 2. If possible, reclaim the spilled material. If this is not
possible; 3. Dilute and/or neutralize and dispose of in a secured sanitary
landfill. /Gas/
Spills in Water: Sodium bicarbonate is
recommended as an in situ neutralizing agent.
During scrubbing (an air pollution control
method), water is used for removing hydrochloric acid.
Environmental considerations -- land spill:
Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP:
If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be
sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using
soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethan or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with
fly ash or cement powder. Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed
limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Water spill: Neutralize with
agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3). Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor
knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment.
The following absorbent materials have been
tested and recommended for vapor suppression and/or containment of 26% and 35% hydrochloric
acid solutions: a mixture of (75%) anionic polyacrylamide (R1779) and
(25%) nonionic polyacrylamide (Versicol W25), individually use the anionic
polyacrylamide or nonionic polyacrylamide, and Cellosize WP3H (hydroxyethyl
cellulose).
Environmental considerations -- water spill:
Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
Environmental considerations -- air spill:
Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is
corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment.
Approach release from upwind. Stop or control
the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water fog or spray to
knock down and absorb vapors. Releases may require isolation or evacuation.
Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. /Hydrogen
chloride, anhydrous; hydrogen chloride, refrigerated
liquid/
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land
treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to
significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue
(including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for
guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Neutralization: Neutralize with limestone
(CaCO3), soda ash (Na2CO3) or slaked lime (Ca(OH)2). Flushing to sewer with high
dilution depends on allowable neutral salt concn in effluent water. Consider use
of waste acid to neutralize alkaline wastes.
Dilute through addition to ice water, quench,
and neutralize with lime, or caustic solution. ... Contact local sewage
authority.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 Ceiling
value: 5 ppm (7 mg/cu m).
Threshold Limit Values:
Ceiling Limit: 5 ppm.
Notice of Intended Change for 2002: These
substances, with their corresponding values and notations, comprise those for
which a limit has been proposed for the first time or for which a change in the
Adopted value is proposed. In each case, the proposed values should be
considered trial values for the year following ratification by the ACGIH Board
of Directors. If, during the year, no evidence comes to light that questions the
appropriateness of these proposals, the values will be reconsidered for adoption
as TLVs. Ceiling Limit: 2 ppm. A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: Ceiling value: 5
ppm (7 mg/cu m).
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
50 ppm
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG):
ERPG(1) 3 ppm (no more than mild, transient effects) for up to 1 hr exposure;
ERPG(2) 20 ppm (without serious, adverse effects) for up to 1 hr exposure;
ERPG(3) 150 ppm (not life threatening) up to 1 hr exposure.
Australia: peak limitation 5 ppm (1990);
Federal Republic of Germany: 5 ppm, short-term level 10 ppm, 5 min, 8 times per
shift, Pregnancy group C, no reason to fear a risk of damage to the developing
embryo or fetus when MAK or BAT values are adhered to (1991); Sweden: ceiling
value 5 ppm (1989); United Kingdom: 10-min STEL 5 ppm (1991).
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
In the production of chlorides; refining ore
in the production of tin and tantalum; for the neutralization of basic systems;
as laboratory reagent; hydrolyzing of starch and proteins in the preparation of
various food products; pickling and cleaning of metal products; as catalyst and
solvent in organic synthesis; for oil- and gas-well treatment; in removing scale
from boilers and heat-exchange equipment; pharmaceutic aid (acidifier).
USED IN MANUFACTURE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID AND IN
THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE.
METAL TREATING AGENT (STEEL PICKLING); USED TO
INCREASE OIL WELL OUTPUT; IN NEUTRALIZATION OF WASTE STREAMS; IN FOOD PROCESSING
AS A STARCH MODIFIER; IN MANUFACTURE OF SODIUM GLUTAMATE; IN MANUFACTURE OF
GELATIN; IN CONVERSION OF CORNSTARCH TO SYRUP; IN THE BREWING INDUSTRY; IN SUGAR
REFINING; AS CHEM INTERMED; IN ORE TREATMENT
Acidizing (activation) of petroleum wells;
boiler scale removal; chemical intermediate; ore reduction; food processing
(corn syrup, sodium glutamate); pickling and metal cleaning; general cleaning,
e.g. of membrane in desalination plants; alcohol denaturant; laboratory reagent
PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE FROM ACETYLENE
& ALKYL CHLORIDES FROM OLEFINS; HYDROCHLORINATION, POLYMERIZATION,
ISOMERIZATION, ALKYLATION, & NITRATION REACTIONS. /GAS/
In manufacture of fertilizers, dyes and
dyestuffs, artificial silk and pigments for paints; In electroplating, leather
tanning, photographic industry, soap refining, textile industry, rubber
industry.
Converts ethanol to ethyl chloride.
Used to make chlorine dioxide.
Manufacture of isocyanate.
Used in metal cleaning operations, chemical
manufacturing, petroleum activation, and in the production of food and synthetic
rubber.
MEDICATION (VET)
CLEAN & PREPARE OTHER METALS FOR COATINGS;
RECOVERY OF ZINC FROM GALVANIZED IRON SCRAP; PRODUCTION OF CHLORIDE CHEMICALS
Used in toilet bowls and urinals against
animal pathogenic bacteria. /4-D Bowl Sanitizer, Varley's Ocean Blue Scented
Toilet Bowl Cleaner, Varley Poly-Pak Bowl Creme, Bowl Cleaner, Emulsion Bowl
Cleaner, Quest Bowl Cleaner Super Concentrated, New South Safti-Sol Brand
Concentrated Bowl Cleanse with Magic Actio, Perdeen Bowl and Urinal Cleaner,
White Emulsion Bowl Cleaner, Hygia Creme Magic Bowl Cleaner/
MEDICATION
Leather deliming/tanning agent; industrial
cleaning agent; ion-exchange resin regeneration (water treatment, chemical
purification); pH control (water treatment); alcohol chlorination reagent;
animal glue production; sugar/oils/fats/wax refining agent; textile scouring
agent
In the production of alkylketene dimers.
01) 426-2600; Polymers Division, Urethanes;
Production site: Geismar, LA 70734
Methods of Manufacturing:
PRODUCED AS A BY-PRODUCT FROM THE
OXYCHLORINATION AND/OR OXYHYDROCHLORINATION OF ORG MATERIALS
BY REACTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE OR ...
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE WITH SULFURIC ACID IN MUFFLE OR MECHANICAL FURNACE AT TEMP UP
TO 600 DEG C; BY MEYER PROCESS IN WHICH SODIUM BISULFITE IS REACTED WITH SODIUM
CHLORIDE AT 400-800 DEG C; BY THE HARGREAVES PROCESS USING SULFUR DIOXIDE, SALT,
AND STEAM IN AN EXOTHERMIC REACTION; BY SYNTHESIS, IN WHICH HYDROGEN IS BURNT IN
CHLORINE ... THESE PROCESSES ARE FOLLOWED BY ELIMINATION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS ...
PURIFICATION.
Hydrogen chloride is
produced by the direct reaction of hydrogen and chlorine, by reaction of metal
chlorides and acids, and as a by-product from many chemical manufacturing
processes such as chlorinated hydrocarbons.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCL)
IS OBTAINED FROM FOUR MAJOR SOURCES: AS A BYPRODUCT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
ORGANIC CHEMICALS; BY THE DIRECT REACTION OF SALT AND SULFURIC ACID (MANHEIM
PROCESS); BY REACTING SALT, SULFUR DIOXIDE, OXYGEN, AND WATER (HARGREAVES
PROCESS); AND BY BURNING OF CHLORINE WITH HYDROGEN GAS. BYPRODUCT SOURCES HAVE
ACCOUNTED FOR 87-92% OF REPORTED HCL PRODUCTION IN RECENT YEARS, WITH SALT
ACCOUNTING FOR 3-4%, AND CHLORINE BURNING 5-10%
Produced industrially by the interaction of
sodium chloride and sulfuric acid; from sodium chloride, sulfur dioxide, air and
water vapor; or as a by-product of the synthesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
/Anhydrous hydrochloric acid/
About 90% of hydrochloric
acid is a byproduct from the production of chlorinated solvents,
fluorocarbons, isocyanates, organics, magnesium, and vinyl chloride monomer.
General Manufacturing Information:
Over 90% of the hydrochloric
acid produced in the U.S. originates as a co-product from various
chlorination processes; direct generation of hydrochloric acid
from hydrogen and chlorine accounts for only about 8% of the total
production.
27th highest volume chemical produced in USA
(1991).
Mainly produced as a by-product of
dehydrochlorination reactions
Formulations/Preparations:
GRADES: UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA (USP)
(35-38%); NATIONAL FORMULARY (NF) DILUTED (10%); TECHNICAL (USUALLY 18, 20, 22,
23 DEG BAUME, CORRESPONDING TO APPROX 28, 31, 35, 37% HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE)
Grades or Purity: Technical; 97.5-99%
DILUTE HYDROCHLORIC ACID
4-D Bowl Sanitizer; solution-ready to use,
27.64% hydrogen chloride, 0.1500%
benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 0.200% diisobutyl phenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium.
Varley's Ocean Blue Scented Toilet Bowl
Cleaner; solution-ready to to use, 25.82% hydrogen chloride, 1.0%
benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 0.2% diisobutyl phenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium.
Varley Poly-Pak Bowl Creme; soluble
concentrate, 27.64% hydrogen chloride, 0.15%
benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 0.2% diisobutyl phenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium.
Bowl Cleaner; soluble concentrate, 26.0% hydrogen
chloride, 2.5% orthodichlorobenzene.
Emulsion Bowl Cleaner; emulsifiable
concentrate, 26.1500% hydrogen chloride, 2.94%
orthodichlorobenzene.
Quest Bowl Cleaner Super Concentrated;
solution-ready to use, 0.46% oxalic acid, 32.2% hydrogen
chloride, 0.12% alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, 0.06% alkyl
dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride.
New South Safti-Sol Brand Concentrated Bowl
Cleanse with Magic Actio; soluble concentrate, 29.45% hydrogen
chloride, 0.35% aeptadeeyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, 0.25% alkyl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium chloride, 0.25% alkyl dimethyl rthylbenzyl ammonium chloride.
Perclean Bowl and Urinal Cleaner;
solution-ready to use, 25.18% hydrogen chloride, 1.2%
alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.
White Emulsion Bowl Cleaner; solution-ready to
use, 27.64% hydrogen chloride, 0.15%
benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 0.2000% diisobutyl phenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium.
Aygeia Creme Magic Bowl Cleaner; emulsifiable
concentrate, 59.15% hydrogen chloride, 10.2% ortho-dichlorobenzene.
The commercial "concentrated" or
fuming acid contains 38% hydrochloric acid.
Available commercially as a 31% w/w (22 deg
Baume, d: 1.16 kg/l) or 35% w/w (22 deg Baume, d: 1.18 kg/l) solution in water.
A solution of hydrogen
chloride gas in water.
Impurities:
MAX LIMITS AS 0.003% AMMONIA; 0.000001% AS
0.0001% FREE CHLORINE; 0.0001% HEAVY METALS; 0.00002% IRON; 0.0001% SULFATE; AND
0.0001% SULFITE.
Consumption Patterns:
12% USED IN STEEL PICKLING; 88% IN OTHER MISC
APPLICATIONS (1974).
Brine treatment for chloralkali 12%, steel
pickling 11%, food, including corn syrup, 11%, calcium chloride 9%, oil well
acidulation 8%, chlorine 4%, swimming pools 2%, miscellaneous including metal
recovery from used catalysts, pH control, sludge removal, sand and clay
purification, and production of inorganics like sodium chlorate, metal
chlorides, activated carbon and iron oxide pigments, and organics like
polycarbonate resins, bisphenol-A, polyvinyl chloride resins and synthetic
glycerine 43%.
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
For quantitative analysis of solutions of hydrogen
chloride in methanol and acetic acid medium, conductometric titration
using standard solutions of lithium, sodium, or potassium acetate can be used.
Very precise determination of chloride ions in
solutions containing mixtures of halides can be accomplished using differential
potentiometry to determine the end point, using silver nitrate as the reagent.
/Chloride ions/
NIOSH Method 7903. An ion chromatographic
method for the analysis of hydrochloric acid, consists
of a fast run anion separater and precolumn, connected to an anion supressor
column, with conductivity detection set at 10 uS full scale, is a NIOSH approved
method. A sample injection loop volume of 100 ul is necessary, and a
bicarbonate/carbonate solution as the eluent at a flow rate of 3 ml/min. This
method has a detection limit of 2 ug/sample and a relative standard deviation of
0.025, over a working range of 0.5 to 200 ug/sample.
Sampling Procedures:
PASSIVE MEMBRANE DOSIMETERS REQUIRING NO
INDIVIDUAL CALIBRATION AND HAVING NO MOVING PARTS ARE USED IN CONNECTION WITH
ION ELECTRODES FOR DETECTING HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GASES IN
AIR @ CONCN LESS THAN 24 PPM.
ANALYTE: HYDROGEN CHLORIDE; MATRIX:
AIR; RANGE: 3.5-14 MG/CU M; PROCEDURE: BUBBLER COLLECTION IN 0.5 MOLAR SODIUM
ACETATE, ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE.
ANALYTE: HYDROGEN CHLORIDE; MATRIX:
AIR; RANGE: 0.14-14 MG/CU M (15-L AIR SAMPLE); PROCEDURE: SILICA GEL TUBE
COLLECTION, ELUENT DESORPTION, ION CHROMATOGRAPHY.
Air samples containing hydrochloric
acid are taken with a glass tube, 11 cm x 7 mm OD, containing a 400 mg
front section and a 200 mg backup section of washed silica gel (20/40 mesh,
Grade 01). The front section is retained with a glass fiber filter plug (6 mm in
dia and 1 mm thick), and urethane plugs separate and retain the backup section.
A sampling pump is connected to this tube and accurately calibrated at 0.2 and
0.5 l/minute to a total of 3 to 100 liters. Elution is performed with 10 ul of a
buffer solution consisting of 3 uM sodium bicarbonate/2.4 mM sodium carbonate.
This technique has an overall precision of 0.059, over a studied range of 0.14
to 14 mg/cu m.
Special References:
Special Reports:
Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem
Spills: Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric
Acid (Draft) (1981)
WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Chlorine and Hydrogen
chloride (1982)
Toxicology Review: Annals of Occupational
Hygiene 17: 159 (1974)
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
ACIDE CHLORHYDRIQUE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Acido clorhidrico (Spanish)
**PEER REVIEWED**
ACIDO CLORIDRICO (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
AQUEOUS HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Bowl Cleaner
**PEER REVIEWED**
Percleen Bowl and Urinal Cleaner
**PEER REVIEWED**
Emulsion Bowl Cleaner
**PEER REVIEWED**
Wuest Bowl Cleaner Super Concentrated
**PEER REVIEWED**
Caswell No 486
**PEER REVIEWED**
CHLOORWATERSTOF
(DUTCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
CHLOROHYDRIC ACID
**PEER REVIEWED**
CHLOROWODOR (POLISH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Chlorure d'hydrogene anhydre (French)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Chlorure d'hydrogene (French)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Chloruro de hidrogeno (Spanish)
**PEER REVIEWED**
CHLORWASSERSTOFF
(GERMAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Cloruro de hidrogeno anhidro (Spanish)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Hygeia Creme Magic Bowl Cleaner
**PEER REVIEWED**
White Emulsion Bowl Cleaner
**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 045901
**PEER REVIEWED**
HYDROCHLORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (HCL)
**PEER REVIEWED**
MURIATIC ACID
**PEER REVIEWED**
Varley's Ocean Blue Scented Toilet Bowl
Cleaner
**PEER REVIEWED**
Varley Poly-Pak Bowl Creme
**PEER REVIEWED**
Now South Safti-Sol Brand Concentrated Bowl
Cleanse with Magic Actio
**PEER REVIEWED**
4-D Bowl Sanitizer
**PEER REVIEWED**
SPIRITS OF SALT
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
GRADES: UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA (USP)
(35-38%); NATIONAL FORMULARY (NF) DILUTED (10%); TECHNICAL (USUALLY 18, 20, 22,
23 DEG BAUME, CORRESPONDING TO APPROX 28, 31, 35, 37% HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE)
Grades or Purity: Technical; 97.5-99%
DILUTE HYDROCHLORIC ACID
4-D Bowl Sanitizer; solution-ready to use,
27.64% hydrogen chloride, 0.1500%
benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 0.200% diisobutyl phenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium.
Varley's Ocean Blue Scented Toilet Bowl
Cleaner; solution-ready to to use, 25.82% hydrogen chloride, 1.0%
benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 0.2% diisobutyl phenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium.
Varley Poly-Pak Bowl Creme; soluble
concentrate, 27.64% hydrogen chloride, 0.15%
benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 0.2% diisobutyl phenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium.
Bowl Cleaner; soluble concentrate, 26.0% hydrogen
chloride, 2.5% orthodichlorobenzene.
Emulsion Bowl Cleaner; emulsifiable
concentrate, 26.1500% hydrogen chloride, 2.94%
orthodichlorobenzene.
Quest Bowl Cleaner Super Concentrated;
solution-ready to use, 0.46% oxalic acid, 32.2% hydrogen
chloride, 0.12% alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, 0.06% alkyl
dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride.
New South Safti-Sol Brand Concentrated Bowl
Cleanse with Magic Actio; soluble concentrate, 29.45% hydrogen
chloride, 0.35% aeptadeeyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, 0.25% alkyl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium chloride, 0.25% alkyl dimethyl rthylbenzyl ammonium chloride.
Perclean Bowl and Urinal Cleaner;
solution-ready to use, 25.18% hydrogen chloride, 1.2%
alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.
White Emulsion Bowl Cleaner; solution-ready to
use, 27.64% hydrogen chloride, 0.15%
benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 0.2000% diisobutyl phenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium.
Aygeia Creme Magic Bowl Cleaner; emulsifiable
concentrate, 59.15% hydrogen chloride, 10.2% ortho-dichlorobenzene.
The commercial "concentrated" or
fuming acid contains 38% hydrochloric acid.
Available commercially as a 31% w/w (22 deg
Baume, d: 1.16 kg/l) or 35% w/w (22 deg Baume, d: 1.18 kg/l) solution in water.
A solution of hydrogen
chloride gas in water.
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1789; HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SOLUTION
UN 1050; Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous
IMO 8.0; Hydrochloric acid, solution
IMO 2.3; Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous;
Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid
UN 2186; Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated
liquid
Standard Transportation Number:
49 042 70; Hydrochloric
acid, anhydrous
49 302 28; Hydrochloric (muriatic)
acid
49 302 31; Hydrochloric acid
(muriatic acid, spent)
49 302 29; Hydrochloric acid
mixture
49 302 30; Hydrochloric acid
solution, inhibited
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/MW4025000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 545
Last Revision Date: 20020806
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 5/20/1999
Unified
Air Toxics Website - Health Effects Notebook for ...
... No.) for each chemical, and the name of an HTML file containing the health
effects ... n-Hexane,
110-54-3. Hydrazine, 302-01-2. Hydrochloric acid, ...
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/hapindex.html
More Results From: www.epa.gov
ADH
Announces Formation of Community Advisory Panel for Cancer ...
... Hydrochloric acid ... estimates inhalation of
0.021 milligrams per cubic meter of air
over a lifetime would not likely result in adverse health effects ...
http://www.healthyarkansas.com/news/pr_prairiegrove_update_042902.htm
HEALTH
EFFECTS OF NITRATE ON HUMANS
... Infants over the age of three months usually begin to have an
increase in the amount
of hydrochloric acid (HO) in ... The Health Effects
of ...
http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/ndd/watermgt/HEALTH_EFFECTS_OF_NITRATE_ON_HUMANS.html
Health
Effects of Pollutants Released by Facilities
... acid causes irritation of the nose this can include ulceration
of the nasal septum
Hydrochloric acid also ... Return to the Health Effects
and ...
http://www.penweb.org/chester/health_chems.html
More Results From: www.penweb.org
ATSDR
- Health Consultation - Hudson Farm Nitric Acid Release, ...
... Trace levels of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid
... No ATSDR Toxicological Profile for
nitric acid exists ... for a worker to be exposed without health
effects ...
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHA/hudson/hfn_p2.html
More Results From: www.atsdr.cdc.gov
HYDROCHLORIC
ACID, 33 - 40%
... Potential Health Effects ----- Inhalation: Corrosive! ...
Ingestion:
Corrosive! Swallowing hydrochloric acid can ...
http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/h3880.htm
More Results From: www.jtbaker.com
Health
Effects of the Facilities in Chester
... chronic bronchitis, according to a national health ...
You can see the synergistic effects
of ... than the rates for Deleware County.) hydrochloric acid
...
http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/org/speec/health.html
Hydrochloric
Acid
... Health effects: Exposure to hydrochloric acid
can cause circulatory collapse which
may lead to death; it can also cause asphyxial death due to glottic edema. ...
http://www.nsc.org/library/chemical/Hydrochl.htm
More Results From: www.nsc.org
El
Andar Magazine
... FIRST AID. More likely scenario: • Hydrochloric acid ...
450 residents Areas included:
Residences, commercial centers Possible health effects ...
http://www.elandar.com/toxics/stories/map2.html
Find
SVTC Cumulative Exposure Project (CEP) maps
... Others have benchmarks for chronic and/or acute effects. ...
107-21-1, Formaldehyde, 50-00-0,
X, X, X, Glycol ethers, 107-21-1, Hydrochloric acid, 7647 ...
http://www.svtc.org/ecomaps/svtc_cep/hitech.htm
Open
Burning Solid Waste (PDF)
... Nitrogen Oxides Polynuclear Hydrocarbons Aldehydes Dioxins and Furans
Heavy Metals
(such as Mercury) Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen Sulfide (HS) 2 Health
Effects ...
http://www.serm.gov.sk.ca/environment/protection/air/Health%20effects%20burning.pdf
Occupational
Illnesses and Injuries: Hydrochloric Acid Facts
... Acute Health Effects of Hydrochloric Acid
Exposures. As ... exposure. Chronic
Health Effects of Repeated Exposure to Hydrochloric Acid.
...
http://www.epi.state.nc.us/epi/oii/hcl/
More Results From: www.epi.state.nc.us
Hydrochloric
Acid MSDS
... Chemical Name. %. EINECS#. 7647-01-0, Hydrochloric acid,
reagent ACS, 37%. 231-595-7.
7732-18-5, Water, Balance. 231-791-2. ... Potential Health Effects
...
http://www.bu.edu/es/LabSafety/ESMSDSs/MSHydChloricAcid.html
More Results From: www.bu.edu
Health
& Safety - HASTELLOY C-2000 alloy Product Brochure H- ...
... Inhalation of metal dust or fumes generated from welding, cutting,
grinding, melting,
or dross handling of these alloys may cause adverse health effects
...
http://www.haynesintl.com/C2000alloy/C2000hs.htm
More Results From: www.haynesintl.com
Health
Effects of Pulp Mill Pollution
... their salts), 15.36, 17.21, 7647-01-0 Hydrochloric ...
7664-93-9 Sulphuric acid, 10.74,
13.19, 16.90, ... Co-operation, Taking Stock, Appendix C: Human Health
Effects ...
http://www.rfu.org/Health.htm
Right
To Know - Hydrochloric Acid
... However, there is no evidence that common exposures to dilute hydrochloric
acid ... paper
are too low to cause these types of health effects. ...
http://www.powersrc.com/rightToKnow/hcl.asp
More Results From: www.powersrc.com
Potential
Health Effects of Chemical Constituents
... Chronic Health Effects: Long-term occupational exposure
to hydrochloric acid
has been reported to cause gastritis, chronic bronchitis, dermatitis, and ...
http://www.nycwasteless.com/gov-bus/citysense/edefinitions.htm
More Results From: www.nycwasteless.com
Hydrochloric
acid [factsheet]
... Personal Exposure. * No information was located regarding the
measurement of personal
exposure to hydrochloric acid. Health Hazard Information.
Acute Effects: ...
http://www.lakes-environmental.com/toxic/HYDROCHLORIC_ACID.HTML
SAFETY--Storage,
transportation, handling, and disposal of ...
... corrosive acid, hydrochloric acid reacts with
many metals producing flammable hydrogen
gas that can become an explosion hazard. HEALTH HAZARDS: Acute Effects
A ...
http://water.usgs.gov/admin/memo/WRD/wrdpolicy94.006.html
More Results From: water.usgs.gov
Chemical
or Waste:Hydrochloric Acid List
... the following sites: ... companies, associations and
publications related to acid ... include
a description, chemical properties, identification, health effects
...
http://www.p2gems.org/Sites.cfm?CatID=32
More Results From: www.p2gems.org
Great Lakes Chemical Corporation and the Pathfinders Camp