DIESEL FUEL #2 CAS 68334-30-5

http://193.51.164.11/htdocs/monographs/vol45/45-05.htm
In a case-control study of cancer at many sites, there was evidence of an increased risk for squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung in men estimated to have had substantial exposure to diesel fuel. There was also an indication of an increased risk for cancer of the prostate. No attempt was made to separate the effects of combustion products from those of exposure to diesel fuel itself.

Inhalation or ingestion of diesel fuel resulted in acute and persistent lung damage in humans.

Application of marine diesel fuel to the skin of mice resulted in ulceration.

In a single study, diesel fuel induced chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells of rats; it did not induce mutation in cultured mammalian cells but was weakly mutagenic to bacteria. Another sample did not induce mutation in bacteria or algae; a sample of marine diesel fuel and aliphatic and aromatic fractions of a further sample were also not mutagenic to bacteria.

One sample of marine diesel fuel was tested for carcinogenicity in one strain of mice by skin application, producing a few squamous-cell carcinomas and papillomas at the application site in animals of each sex and a few carcinomas at the adjacent inguinal region in males.

Two samples of straight-run kerosene [5], one sample of light vacuum distillate [19] and three samples of light catalytically cracked distillate [24] produced skin tumours in mice. Some residues from thermal cracking [31] produced benign and malignant skin tumours in mice. (See the monograph on occupational exposures in petroleum refining.)

N.B. - Subsequent to the meeting, the secretariat became aware of a study in which skin tumours were reported in mice after application to the skin of petroleum diesel (boiling range, 198-343 °C) [corresponding to diesel fuel No. 2] (Clark et al., 1988).

FUEL OIL NO. 2
Synonym: diesel fuel
68476-30-2

Human Health Effects:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity:

Classification of carcinogenicity: Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. /Distillate (light) fuel oils/
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 264 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

Aspiration hazard. The lower boiling point products, such as gasoline or kerosene, produce severe chemical pneumonitis if inhaled into the lungs, as can easily occur in the case of liquid petroleum products with a viscosity below 45 SUS (Saybolt Universal Viscosity) ... at 100 deg C.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 1649]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dermatitis /hazard/. Dermatitis from lower boiling-point products may develop. ... If articles must be dipped in low boiling-point products, protective gloves should be used, or mechanical means developed. Employees should be discouraged from washing their hands in gasoline or kerosene. ... Heavier, more viscous products may plug skin follicles and lead to dermatitis. ... Certain heavy fuel oils, containing significant quantities of highly cracked stocks boiling above 370 deg C, may contain carcinogens. Repeated exposure should be avoided, using protective equipment where necessary, and washing thoroughly with soap and water if contact has occurred.
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 1649]**PEER REVIEWED**

Subcutaneous injection of petroleum distillate produces cellulitis and sterile abcesses, which respond to incision and drainage. /Petroleum distillate/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 944]**PEER REVIEWED**

High viscosity petroleum distillates (eg, heavy lubricants, mineral oil, liquid paraffin) produce a lipoid pneumonia that is more localized and less inflammatory than that produced by low-viscosity petroleum distillates such a kerosene or mineral seal oil. Hemorrhagic pneumonitis does not occur. Although the chronic granulomatous changes may produce a longer, more indolent course than low-viscosity petroleum distillate pneumonias. A typical mycobacterial infection complicated several cases of lipoid pneumonia that occurred in elderly patients chronically ingesting laxatives.
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 943]**PEER REVIEWED**

Inhalation causes headache and slight giddiness. Ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, and cramping; depression of central nervous system ranging from mild headache to anesthesia, coma, and death; pulmonary irritation secondary to exhalation of solvent; signs of kidney and liver damage may be delayed. Aspiration causes severe lung irritation with coughing, gagging, dyspnea, substernal distress, and rapidly developing pulmonary edema; later, signs of bronchopneumonia and pneumonitis; acute onset of central nervous system excitement followed by depression.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

Slight smarting of eyes or respiratory system if present in high concentrations.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Occupational exposure to Fuel Oil No. 2 may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its production, formulation, and use(SRC). Exposure to the general population may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its use in residential oil burners(1,SRC).
[(1) Leary JA et al; Environ Health Perspect 73: 223-34 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 73,329 workers are potentially exposed to Fuel Oil No. 2 in the USA(1).
[(1) NIOSH National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

The primary threat to life from pure petroleum distillate ingestion is respiratory failure. Patients should be quickly evaluated for signs of respiratory distress (eg cyanosis, tachypnea, intercoastal retractions, obtundation) and given oxygen. Patients with inadequate tidal volumes or poor arterial blood gases (PO2 < 50 mm Hg or PCO2 > 50 mm Hg) should be intubated. Since arrythmias complicate some hydrocarbon ingestions and electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury has been reported, intravenous lines and cardiac monitors should be established in obviously symptomatic patients. A chest X ray should be taken immediately after stablization of breathing and circulation to document aspiration and detect the presence of pneumothorax. Continous positive airway pressure or positive end expiratory pressure and intubation may be necessary in severe cases to maintain adequate oxygenation. ... Inhaled cardioselective bronchodilators (eg Alupent, salbutamol) are the preferred bronchodilator agents, with aminophylline a second choice. /Petroleum distillate/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 944]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Toxicity Studies:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity:

Classification of carcinogenicity: Overall summary evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans is Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. /Distillate (light) fuel oils/
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 264 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

Several studies have shown pronounced effects of fuel oil No. 2 on the reproductive capacity of birds after application on the shell surface (decreased hatchability, deformed bills, dead embryos).
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 257 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Studies in chick embryos with fractionated fuel oil No. 2 indicated that toxicity was associated primarily with the two- to three-ring aromatic fraction.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 257 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

As reported in a review of teratology studies in rats exposed to different fuels by inhalation, exposure of animal on days 6-15 of gestation for 6 hr per day to ... 85 and 410 ppm fuel oil No. 2 resulted in no teratogenic effect.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 257 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fuel oil No. 2 induced chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow of Sprague Dawley rats administered 0.125-1.25 g/kg body weight per day by gavage for five successive days.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 258 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Of three fraction of fuel oil No. 2 tested in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100, only the four- to seven-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction induced a dose-dependent increase in the number of revertant in strain TA100 in the presence of an exogenous metabolic system from Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver. The same fraction and the one- to three-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fraction caused dose-dependent increases in the frequency of sister chromatid exchange, but not of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells in the presence of an exogenous metabolic system from Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 258 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fuel oil No. 2 gave borderline positive results for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 both in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic system from rat liver, using the pate incorporation method (0.26-42 mg/plate), while it was clearly mutagenic to mouse lymphoma L5178Y TK = or - cells in forward mutation assays at a concentration of 1.2 ug/ml in the absence of an exogenous metabolic system, giving a mutation frequency 17.1 times that in solvent control cultures.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 258 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Values:

LD50 Rat oral 12.0 g/kg body weight
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 256 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LD50 Rat oral 15.7 g/kg body weight
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 257 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LD50 Rat oral 17.5 g/kg body weight
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 257 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism/Metabolites:

Fuel oil No. 2 has been shown to be metabolized to conjugates of several two- and three-ring aromatic hydrocarbons in fish.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V45 256 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pharmacology:

Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:

Fuel Oil No. 2 is composed chiefly of unbranched paraffins. The distillation (90%) point, or boiling range, of 282-338 deg C suggests that these compounds are the C16-C19 alkanes. Typical analysis also indicates the presence of C8 naphthalenes, C1 and C4 dibenzothiophenes, C1 phenanthrenes, dimethyl indan, dimethyl tetralin, and methyl naphthalenes. Fuel Oil No. 2 is released to the environment during its production, formulation, and use. Direct release to aquatic environments occurs during its use in mosquito control as a coating on breeding waters. If released to soil, Fuel Oil No. 2 will strongly adsorb. It may biodegrade in water and soil or volatilize from water (half-life of 4.4- 4.8 hrs from a model river) and moist soil surfaces, but adsorption may attenuate the rate of these processes. In water adsorption to sediment should be important. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms may be limited for the chief components due to metabolism. If released to the atmosphere, degradation of vapor phase components of Fuel Oil No.2 by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life on the order of 1 day or less) will be important. Exposure of the general population to Fuel Oil No. 2 may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its use in residential oil burners. Occupational exposure may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its production, formulation, and use. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Occupational exposure to Fuel Oil No. 2 may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its production, formulation, and use(SRC). Exposure to the general population may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its use in residential oil burners(1,SRC).
[(1) Leary JA et al; Environ Health Perspect 73: 223-34 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 73,329 workers are potentially exposed to Fuel Oil No. 2 in the USA(1).
[(1) NIOSH National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Artificial Pollution Sources:

Fuel Oil No. 2, also known as diesel oil, is used in drilling fluids, and as fuel for trucks, ships, and other automotive equipment(1). Its major use is for residential oil burners(2,4). It may be released to the environment during its production, formulation, and use(SRC). Accidental release of Fuel Oil No. 2 to waterways may occur during shipping(3). Direct release to aquatic environments may occur if it is used in mosquito control as a coating on breeding waters(1).
[(1) Sax NI, Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 11th ed NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p.386 (1987) (2) Leary JA et al; Environ Health Perspect 73: 223-34 (1987) (3) Gunster DG et al; Environ Pollut 82: 245-53 (1993) (4) Bueters KA, Essenhigh, RH; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd Ed 11:571 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Fate:

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 are expected to be C16-C19 unbranched alkanes(1,2,SRC) and typical analysis also indicates the presence of C8 naphthalenes, C1 and C4 dibenzothiophenes, C1 phenanthrenes, dimethyl indan, dimethyl tetralin, and methyl naphthalenes(3). Based on estimated Koc values of >10,000(4,5,SRC) the chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 are expected to very strongly adsorb and be essentially immobile in soil. Microorganisms have the capacity to biodegrade normal alkanes in the range of C16-C19(6). However, adsorption may attenuate the rate of biodegradation(SRC).
[(1) Sax NI, Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 11th ed NY, NY:Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p.386 (1987) (2) Hoffman, HL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd Ed 17: 268 (1982) (3) Leary JA et al; Environ Health Perspect 73: 223-34 (1987) (4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc chapts. 4,5,15 (1990) (5) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Group Contribution Method for Estimating Octanol-water Partition Coefficients SETAC Meeting Cincinnati, OH Nov 8-12 (1992) (6) Haines JR, Alexander M; Appl Microbiol 28: 1084-5 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AQUATIC FATE: The chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 are expected to be C16-C19 n-alkanes(1,2,SRC) and typical analysis also indicates the presence of C8 naphthalenes, C1 and C4 dibenzothiophenes, C1 phenanthrenes, dimethyl indan, dimethyl tetralin, and methyl naphthalenes(3). Based on estimated Koc and BCF values of >10,000(4,5,SRC) the C16-C19 n-alkanes are expected to strongly adsorb to sediment and suspended organic matter and may bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC). However, metabolism may limit the importance of bioconcentration. Volatilization from water is fast with estimated half-lives for the chief components of 4.4-4.8 hrs from a model river(4); however, strong adsorption should attenuate this process(SRC). Microorganisms have the capacity to biodegrade normal alkanes in the range of C16-C19(7). However, adsorption to sediment may attenuate the rate of biodegradation(SRC).
[(1) Sax NI, Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 11th ed NY, NY:Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p.386 (1987) (2) Hoffman, HL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd Ed 17: 268 (3) Leary JA et al; Environ Health Perspect 73: 223-34 (1987) (4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc chapts. 4,5,15 (1990) (5) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Group Contribution Method for Estimating Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients SETAC Meeting Cincinnati, OH Nov 8-12 (1992) (6) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (7) Haines JR, Alexander M; Appl Microbiol 28: 1084-5 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: The chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 are expected to be C16-C19 unbranched alkanes(1,2,SRC) and typical analysis also indicates the presence of C8 naphthalenes, C1 and C4 dibenzothiophenes, C1 phenanthrenes, dimethyl indan, dimethyl tetralin, and methyl naphthalenes(4). The rate constants for the vapor phase reaction of these representative classes of compounds with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals can be estimated to be about 1X10-11-1X10-10 cu-cm/molec-sec at 25 deg C(3) which correspond to atmospheric half-lives on the order of 1 day or less based on an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 molec/cu-cm(3,SRC).
[(1) Sax NI, Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 11th ed NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p.386 (1987) (2) Hoffman, HL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd Ed 17:268 (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-9 (1993) (4) Leary JA et al; Environ Health Perspect 73: 223-34 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Biodegradation:

The chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 are expected to be C16-C19 unbranched alkanes(2,3,SRC). Microorganisms have the capacity to biodegrade normal alkanes in the range of C16-C19(1); BOD bottles incubated in the dark at 25 deg C using a soil inoculum, exhibited 5.3 ug/ml O2 consumption after a 5 day incubation period for hexadecane and 3.3 ug/ml O2 consumption after 5 days for octadecane(1).
[(1) Haines JR, Alexander M; Appl Microbiol 28:1084-5 (1974) (2) Sax NI, Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 11th ed NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p.386 (1987) (3) Hoffman, HL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd Ed 17:268]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Abiotic Degradation:

The chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 are expected to be C16-C19 unbranched alkanes(1,2,SRC) and typical analysis indicates the presence of C8 naphthalenes, C1 and C4 dibenzothiophenes, C1 phenanthrenes, dimethyl indan, dimethyl tetralin, and methyl naphthalenes(4). The rate constants for the vapor phase reaction of these representative classes of compounds with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals can be estimated to be about 1X10-11 to 1X10-10 cu-cm/molec-sec at 25 deg C(3) which correspond to atmospheric half-lives on the order of 1 day or less based on an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 molec/cu-cm(3,SRC).
[(1) Sax NI, Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 11th ed NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p.386 (1987) (2) Hoffman, HL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd Ed 17:268 (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-9 (1993) (4) Leary JA et al; Environ Health Perspect 73: 223-34 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Bioconcentration:

To determine if blue crabs can bioaccumulate and retain complex mixt of petroleum hydrocarbons, adult crabs were exposed for 14 days or 30-35 days in continuous flow-through seawater systems to 3 sublethal concn, nominally 0.00 (control), 0.01, or 1.0 ppm (mg/l, of the water-accommodated fraction of No. 2 fuel oils. Crabs exposed for 14 days were subsequently exposed to clean running seawater for 7 days whereas crabs exposed for 30-35 days, were placed into clean running seawater for a 30 day depuration period. Gill, hepatopancreas, and muscle tissue samples were collected from control, water-accommodated fraction exposed, and depurated crabs and analyzed by GC and/or GC/MS. No. 2 fuel oil cmpd were not detected in any of the tissues collected from control crabs. Trace amt of fuel oil cmpd were detected in gill and hepatopancreas tissues collected from crabs exposed to the 0.01 ppm WAF and no fuel oil cmpd were detected in muscle tissues. All tissues of crabs exposed to the 1.0 ppm water-accommodated fraction accumulated No. 2 fuel oil cmpd. and considerable amt remained in hepatopancreas and gill tissues following depuration for 30 days in clean seawater.
[Melzian BD, Lake J; Oil Chem Pollut 3 (5): 367-99 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 are expected to be C16-C19 unbranched alkanes(1,2,SRC). The BCF values for these compounds can be estimated to be 10,000-14,000 based on a regression derived equation(3) and estimated log Kows of 8.2-9.7(4). Based on this BCF range, thesecomponents of Fuel Oil No. 2 have a very high potential to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms, but limited experimental data on the n-alkanes would suggest that bioconcentration may not be important due to metabolism(SRC). For example, the BCF for hexadecane (C16) was determined to be less than 100 by the Japanese MITI test(5).
[(1) Sax NI, Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 11th ed NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p.386 (1987) (2) Hoffman, HL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd Ed 17:268 (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 5-4, 5-10 (1990) (4) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Group Contribution Method for Estimating Octanol-water Partition Coefficients SETAC Meeting Cincinnati, OH Nov 8-12 (1992) (5) Kawasaki M; Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 444-54 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Soil Adsorption/Mobility:

The chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 are expected to be C16-C19 unbranched alkanes(1,2,SRC). The Koc values for these compounds can be estimated to be >10,000 based on a regression derived equation(3) and estimated log Kows of 8.2-9.7(4). According to a suggested classification scheme(5), the estimated Kocs indicate that the chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 will be immobile in soil(SRC).
[(1) Sax NI, Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 11th ed NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p.386 (1987) (2) Hoffman, HL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd Ed 17:268 (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4-9 (1990) (4) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Group Contribution Method for Estimating Octanol-water Partition Coefficients SETAC Meeting Cincinnati, OH Nov 8-12 (1992) (5) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85:17-28 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Volatilization from Water/Soil:

The chief components of Fuel Oil No. 2 are expected to be C16-C19 unbranched alkanes(1,2,SRC). The Henry's Law constants for these compounds can be estimated to be 29-68 atm-cu m/mole at 25 deg C based on a structure activity relationship(3). The magnitude of these Henry's Law constant values indicate that Fuel Oil No. 2 should rapidly volatilize from water to the atmosphere(SRC). Based on these Henry's Law constants, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec) can be estimated to be 4.4-4.8 hours(4,SRC).
[(1) Sax NI, Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 11th ed NY, NY:Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p.386 (1987) (2) Hoffman, HL; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd Ed 17: 268 (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4-9 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Standards & Regulations:

State Drinking Water Guidelines:

(ME) MAINE 50 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)]**QC REVIEWED**

Chemical/Physical Properties:

Color/Form:

Amber color distillate oil
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V11 571 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Brown, slightly, viscous liquid
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 1458]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density/Specific Gravity:

0.8654 @ 15 deg C/15 deg C
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V11 571 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Viscosity:

268 cSt @ 37.8 deg C.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V11 571 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

Pour Point <-18 deg C
[Schobert HH; The Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Fuels Butterworth & Co Ltd Boston, MA p.202 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

API gravity = 32 deg C
[Schobert HH; The Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Fuels Butterworth & Co Ltd Boston, MA p.202 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Distillation (90%) point = 282-338 deg C
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V17 268]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical Safety & Handling:

DOT Emergency Guidelines:

Fire or explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot. /Fuel oil; Fuel oil, no. 1,2,4,5,6/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-128]**QC REVIEWED**

Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Fuel oil; Fuel oil, no. 1,2,4,5,6/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-128]**QC REVIEWED**

Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Fuel oil; Fuel oil, no. 1,2,4,5,6/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-128]**QC REVIEWED**

Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Fuel oil; Fuel oil, no. 1,2,4,5,6/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-128]**QC REVIEWED**

Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, isolate for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Fuel oil; Fuel oil, no. 1,2,4,5,6/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-128]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire: Caution: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. /Fuel oil; Fuel oil, no. 1,2,4,5,6/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-128]**QC REVIEWED**

Spill or leak: Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. /Fuel oil; Fuel oil, no. 1,2,4,5,6/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-128]**QC REVIEWED**

First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Fuel oil; Fuel oil, no. 1,2,4,5,6/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-128]**QC REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

Slight smarting of eyes or respiratory system if present in high concentrations.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

NFPA Hazard Classification:

Health: 0. 0= Materials that, on exposure under fire conditions, offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 325-55]**QC REVIEWED**

Flammability: 2. 2= This degree includes materials that must be moderately heated before ignition will occur and includes Class II and IIIA combustible liquids and solids and semi-solids that readily give off ignitible vapors. Water spray may be used to extinguish fires in these materials because the materials can be cooled below their flash points.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 325-55]**QC REVIEWED**

Reactivity: 0. 0= This degree includes materials that are normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 325-55]**QC REVIEWED**

Flash Point:

136 deg F (closed cup)
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Autoignition Temperature:

494 deg F
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 1458]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire Fighting Procedures:

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Fuel Oil No. 1, 2, 4, or 5/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.464]**PEER REVIEWED**

Toxic Combustion Products:

When heated to decomp it emits acrid smoke and fumes.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 1458]**PEER REVIEWED**

Protective Equipment & Clothing:

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. /Fuel Oil No. 1, 2, 4, or 5/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.342]**PEER REVIEWED**

Preventive Measures:

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Fuel Oil No. 1, 2, 4, or 5/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.342]**PEER REVIEWED**

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Fuel Oil No. 1, 2, 4, or 5/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.342]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipment Methods and Regulations:

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
[49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**QC REVIEWED**

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
[IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997. 157]**QC REVIEWED**

Disposal Methods:

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
**PEER REVIEWED**

Occupational Exposure Standards:

Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

Most commonly used for domestic heating ... /and/ ... power plant warm up.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V11 571 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Domestic and industrial heating, power for heavy units (ships, trucks, trains), source of synthesis gas, drilling muds, mosquito control (coating on breeding waters)
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 543]**PEER REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing:

Residue of distillation from crude oil.
[Schobert HH; The Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Fuels Butterworth & Co Ltd Boston, MA pp.195-202 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information:

Specifications: distillation point (deg C) 90% min: 282; 90% max: 338; flash point (min) 38 deg C; pour point (max) -6 deg C; viscosity @ 38 deg C: 2.0 (min) and 3.6 (max) est.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V17 270 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

Grade 2-D /Diesel fuel oil/
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V17 268]**PEER REVIEWED**

Impurities:

Sulfur, 0.4-0.7%; Ash, Trace
[Schobert HH; The Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Fuels Butterworth & Co Ltd Boston, MA p.202 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Water and sediment, max = 0.05 vol%; Carbon residue on 10% bottom, max = 0.35%; Ash, max = 0.01 wt%; sulfur, max = 0.5 wt%
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V17 268]**PEER REVIEWED**

Laboratory Methods:

Analytic Laboratory Methods:

Standard Test Method for Oil and Grease Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water. ASTM Method Number D3921. NDIR (Non-disperse infrared photometer) Detection Limit = 0.5 mg/l
[ASTM; 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Sec. 11, Water and Environmental Technology, Vol. 11.02 Water (II). ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA]**PEER REVIEWED**

Standard Practice for Measuring the Concentration of Toxic Gases or Vapors Using Detector Tubes. ASTM Method Number D4490. Toxic Gases and Vapors Detector Tubes Detection Limit not given
[ASTM; 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Sec. 11, Water and Environmental Technology, Vol. 11.03 Atmospheric Analysis; Occupational Health and Safety. ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA]**PEER REVIEWED**

Total Oil and Diesel Oil in Drilling Muds and Drill Cuttings by Retort, Gravimetry, and GCFID. EAD Method Number 1651-A. Grav Retort Detection Limit = 200 mg/kg; See also Method Numbers 1651-B and 1654
[USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.02. EPA-821-B-92- 001 (NTIS PB-92-503093). August 1992]**PEER REVIEWED**

EMSLC Method Number 418.1. Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Total Recoverable. Spectrophotometer Detection Limit = 1 mg/l
[USEPA; Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EMSL-Ci, EPA-600/4-79-020, Revised March 1983]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fuel oils, light, total recoverable, gas chromatographic. USGS Method Number 03109. GCFID (Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector) Detection Limit = 0.10 mg/l
[USGS; Methods for the Determination of Organic Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapt. A3. USGS, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO]**PEER REVIEWED**

Special References:

Special Reports:

U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Fuel Oils (1995) NTIS# PB/95/264222/AS

Synonyms and Identifiers:

Formulations/Preparations:

Grade 2-D /Diesel fuel oil/
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V17 268]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

NA 1993; Fuel oil (No. 1, 2, 4, 5,6,)

UN 1202; Gas oil

IMO 3.3; Gas oil

Standard Transportation Number:

49 151 12; Fuel Oil No. 1, 2, 4, or 5

Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 6836

Last Revision Date: 20030305

Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/29/1994

Update History:

Complete Update on 03/05/2003, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/29/2000, 6 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/03/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/01/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/29/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/01/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/25/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/12/1995, 36 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/11/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/15/1993, 22 fields added/edited/deleted.

GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORPORATION AND THE PATHFINDERS CAMP

 

 

Great Lakes Chemical Corporation and the Pathfinders Camp