BROMOCHLOROMETHANE
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~AAA7laaEd:1
Synonym:
CHLOROBROMOMETHANE
CBM
Chlorobrom
CHLOROMETHYL BROMIDE
HALON 1011
METHANE, BROMOCHLORO-
METHYLENE CHLOROBROMIDE
MIL-B-4394-B
MONOCHLOROMONOBROMOMETHANE
CHLOROBROMOMETHANE
CASRN: 74-97-5
Human Health Effects:
Medical Surveillance:
Consider the points of attack /skin, liver,
kidneys, respiratory system, lungs, CNS/ in preplacement and periodic physical
exam.
The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who
is exposed to chlorobromomethane at potentially
hazardous levels: Initial Medical Screening: Employees should be screened for
history of certain medical conditions (listed below) which might place the
employee at increased risk from chlorobromomethane.
Skin disease: Chlorobromomethane can cause dermatitis
on prolonged exposure. Persons with existing skin disorders may be more
susceptible to effects of this agent. Liver disease: Although chlorobromomethane
is not known as a liver toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the
biotransformation and detoxification of foreign substances should be considered
before exposing persons with impaired liver function. Kidney disease: Although chlorobromomethane
is not known as a kidney toxin in humans, the importance of this organ in the
elimination of toxic substances justifies special consideration in those with
impaired renal function. Chronic respiratory disease: In persons with impaired
pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway disease, the
breathing of chlorobromomethane might cause
exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. 2. Periodic medical
exam: Any employee developing the above listed conditions should be referred for
further medical examination.
Populations at Special Risk:
Persons with existing skin disorders may be
more susceptible to the effects of this agent. ... In persons with imparied
pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the
breathing of chlorobromomethane might cause
exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties.
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Inhalation, ingestion, eye and skin contact.
Occupational exposure to bromochloromethane may occur
by inhalation or dermal exposure during its manufacture, and during the use of
fire extinguishers in which it is contained. Exposure to the general population
may occur by ingestion of contaminated drinking water, or by inhalation and
dermal contact during the use of fire extinguishers in which it is contained.
Occupational exposure to chlorobromomethane may occur
through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it
is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to chlorobromomethane
in drinking water or by inhalation or dermal contact with this chemical in fire
extinguishers. (SRC)
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
PRIMARY RESPONSE TO THIS MATERIAL IS CNS
DEPRESSION. THERE APPEARS TO BE VERY LITTLE ORGANIC INJURY FOLLOWING EITHER
ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE EXCEPT POSSIBLY LUNG IRRITATION FROM ACUTE EXPOSURE @
HIGH LEVELS.
... THREE CASES OF ACUTE POISONING IN FIRE FIGHTERS USING CHLOROBROMOMETHANE
AS A FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENT /DESCRIBED/. THE CASES WERE CHARACTERIZED BY
SEVERE HEADACHE, LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AFTER THE EXPOSURE, GASTRIC UPSETS, LOSS
IN WT & SLOW RECOVERY. THE EXPOSURES WERE BRIEF, BUT UNDOUBTEDLY AT VERY
HIGH CONCN OF CHLOROBROMOMETHANE VAPOR.
CORNEA WAS INJURED ... /WHEN/ FIRE EXTINGUISHER /CONTAINING CHLOROBROMOMETHANE
& DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE/ WAS DISCHARGED CLOSE TO A PERSON'S FACE. THE
VICTIM FELT THE SPRAY OF LIQ & VAPOR HIT HIS FACE & EYES, CAUSING
IMMEDIATE SEVERE BURNING SENSATION IN EYES. SOON THEREAFTER PARTIAL LOSS OF
CORNEAL EPITHELIUM WAS OBSERVED, BUT DEEPER LAYERS OF CORNEA REMAINED CLEAR.
CONJUNCTIVAE & LIDS WERE HYPEREMIC & EDEMATOUS. DISCOMFORT &
PHOTOPHOBIA GRADUALLY SUBSIDED ... .
Comparative studies of the acute inhalation toxicities of vaporizable fire
extinguishing agents showed that chlorobromomethane was
considerably less toxic than carbon tetrachloride, but it was more toxic than
the gaseous agents dibromodifluoromethane, bromotrifluoromethane,
bromochlorodifluoromethane, and carbon dioxide.
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to
human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on the lack of data
regarding the carcinogenicity of bromochloromethane in
humans or animals; however, there are data indicative of genotoxic effects and
structural relationships to halogenated methanes classified as B2 probable human
carcinogens. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA:
None.
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to
human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on the lack of data
regarding the carcinogenicity of bromochloromethane in
humans or animals; however, there are data indicative of genotoxic effects and
structural relationships to halogenated methanes classified as B2 probable human
carcinogens. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA:
None.
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
EXPTL EXPOSURE OF RABBIT EYES TO SPRAY OF
LIQUID FROM FIRE EXTINGUISHER CONTAINING MIXT OF 75% CHLOROBROMOMETHANE
PLUS 25% DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE CAUSED TRANSIENT CORNEAL EPITHELIAL INJURY
& CONJUNCTIVAL EDEMA ... .
... NO CHANGES /REPORTED FOLLOWING THE ADMIN OF METHYLENE
CHLOROBROMIDE BY STOMACH TUBE TO MICE/ AT DOSES OF 500 MG/KG. SINGLE
DOSES OF 3000 & 4500 MG/KG WERE FOLLOWED BY FATTY DEGENERATION OF LIVER
& KIDNEY. ... SINGLE ORAL DOSE TO RATS OF 1 G/KG OF BODY WT OR LESS HAS NO
APPARENT EFFECT. ORAL DOSE OF 3 G/KG OF BODY WT BY MOUTH KILLS MOST ANIMALS
WITHIN 24 HR.
AT CONCN OF 0.8-1% IN AIR ... /GUINEA PIGS/
SURVIVED 1-HR EXPOSURES, RECOVERING IN 2 DAYS. AT 2-HR EXPOSURES, 1 OUT OF 3
GUINEA PIGS DIED. AUTOPSY ... SHOWED LUNG INJURY FROM 1-HR EXPOSURE. AT CONCN OF
2-2.4%, ANIMALS RECOVERED AFTER 1/2-HR EXPOSURE. AFTER 1 HR EXPOSURE, 1 ANIMAL
OUT OF 3 DIED. AFTER 2 HR EXPOSURE, 2 OUT OF 3 DIED. THE PRINCIPAL TOXICOLOGICAL
OBSERVATION FROM EXPOSURE WAS LUNG INJURY.
METHYLENE CHLOROBROMIDE, WHEN APPLIED REPEATEDLY TO OPEN SKIN OF RABBITS,
RESULTED IN SOME HYPEREMIA & EXFOLIATION. WHEN BANDAGED ON, IT WILL RAPIDLY
PRODUCE MODERATE IRRITATION & HYPEREMIA.
HISTOPATHOLOGIC EXAMINATION OF TISSUE ... FROM
AN INHALATION STUDY WITH MICE EXPOSED AT 2300 PPM 7 HR/DAY FOR 5 DAYS SHOWED
VISCERAL CONGESTION, FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE LIVER, KIDNEY, &
OCCASIONALLY, THE HEART; LIPOID DEPLETION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX; INTERSTITIAL
PNEUMONITIS; & IN ANIMALS THAT DIED, OPACITY OF THE EYES.
... CONCN AS LOW AS 3000 PPM PRODUCED LIGHT
... /CNS DEPRESSION/ IN RATS. TRANSIENT PULMONARY EDEMA WAS OBSERVED AT CONCN
BELOW 27,000 PPM. AT HIGHER CONCN, INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS RESULTED IN DELAYED
DEATHS. DELAYED DEATHS WERE ALSO OBSERVED AFTER EXPOSURE TO 20,000 PPM. DEATHS
DURING EXPOSURE OCCURRED ONLY FROM EXPOSURES ABOVE 27,000 PPM.
... DOGS /WERE EXPOSED/ TO 0.3-1.0% IN OXYGEN
IN ORDER TO DETERMINE EFFECT ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. DISTURBANCES IN
MYOCARDIAL ENERGY METABOLISM OCCURRED, INCL CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS ... /THESE/
STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED ON ANESTHETIZED ANIMALS ... .
... FEMALE RATS & DOGS SURVIVED WITHOUT
SIGNIFICANT EFFECT, 370 PPM IN AIR, 7 HR/DAY, 5 DAYS/WK FOR 6 MO, BUT ... SOME
LIVER PATHOLOGY WAS OBSERVED AT 500 PPM. MALE RATS, MALE & FEMALE GUINEA
PIGS, & RABBITS SHOWED NO EFFECT EXCEPT FOR ELEVATED BLOOD BROMIDE AT 500
PPM. HOWEVER, AT 1000 PPM SEVERAL EFFECTS WERE NOTED INCL HISTOPATHOLOGICAL
CHANGES IN THE LIVERS & TESTES IN ADDITION TO INCREASED BLOOD BROMIDE.
When tested in vitro in Salmonella typhimurium
and Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3 chlorobromomethane
did not cause mutagenic effects.
In dogs, acute exposures to high concn /of
chlorobromomethane/
(50% in oxygen) produced agitation, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial
sensitization to epinephrine, and epileptiform convulsions within 12 min.
Dichloromethane (DMC),
bromodichloromethane, bromochloromethane
(BCM), bromotrichloromethane, and dibromomethane (DBM) were tested for their
mutagenic activity. The Ames test and in vitro cell cultures were used. All
substances were positive in the Ames test. In the in vitro test with FAF-cells
of Chinese hamsters only bromochloromethane
produced an increase of the sister chromatid exchange frequency. All tested
substances induced an increase in the aberration ratio/cell. The highest ratios
were induced by dichloromethane, bromodichloromethane and bromochloromethane.
Although not studied as extensively as methylene chloride, methylene
chlorobromide also produces carboxyhemoglobin. Intraperitoneal
doses of 3 mmol/kg (390 mg/kg) to rats resulted in a maximum carboxyhemoglobin
of about 5% at 4 hr (methylene chlorobromide) &
8% at 2 hr (methylene chloride).
Bromochloromethane, gave a positive dose related
response for reverse mutation with liquid incubation at dose concentrations of
0, 20, 40, 60 mM without metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium strain
TA100. /From table/
Bromochloromethane
gave a positive dose related response for reverse mutation in vapor phase at a
dose concentration of 10 ml/plate without metabolic activation in Escherichia
coli Wu361089. /From table/
Bromochloromethane
gave a positive dose related response for forward mutation in vapor phase, at a
dose concentration of 10 ul/plate without metabolic activation in Escherichia
coli SD-4. /From table/
Bromochloromethane
gave a positive dose related response for forward mutation (prophage induction)
in vapor phase at a dose concentration of 10 ul/plate without metabolic
activation in Escherichia coli K394.
Bromochloromethane
gave a positive dose related response for reverse mutation in vapor phase at
dose concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 50 ul/dessicator without metabolic activation
in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1000.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LC50 Mouse inhalation 3000 ppm/7 hr
LD50 Mouse oral 4300 mg/kg
LD50 Rat oral 5000 mg/kg
LC50 Mouse ihl 15,850 mg/cu m/8 hr
TSCA Test Submissions:
Acute oral toxicity was evaluated in groups of
5 male rats (strain not reported) administered single doses of bromochloromethane
by gavage at dose levels of 5 and 7 g/kg of body weight. Mortality was observed
in all 5 animals at dose level 7 g/kg (period of observation not reported); the
LD50 was not reported. Clinical observations and gross necropsy were not
reported.
Acute dermal toxicity was evaluated in 4 rabbits (sex and strain not reported)
receiving a single occluded application of bromochloromethane
using a modified Draize technique at a dose of 5 g/kg of body weight. Mortality
was not observed and the period of observation was not reported. Clinical
observations included a burn and denaturation of the skin. Gross necropsy was
not reported.
Acute inhalation toxicity was evaluated in 17 groups of 10 rats/sex (strain not
reported), 1 group of 11 rats/sex and 1 group of 15 rats/sex exposed to bromochloromethane
at measured concentrations of 5000 ppm for 7 hours; 10000 ppm for 1.0, 1.5, 2.0,
4.0, and 6.0 hours; 20000 ppm for 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 hours; 40000
ppm for 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.6 hours; and 80000 ppm for 0.1 and 0.2 hours.
The method of generating the test atmosphere was not reported. The maximum
concentrations and exposures in which essentially no mortality was observed were
5000 ppm for 7.0 hours; 10000 ppm for 1.5 hours; 20000 ppm for 0.4 hour; and
40000 ppm for 0.1 hour. The incidences of mortality, period of observation and
LC50 were not reported. Clinical observations included drowsiness,
unconsciousness and anesthesia. Gross necropsy revealed no gross pathological
changes. Increases in organ weights were observed in the kidneys and the liver.
Microscopic histopathology detected organic injury in the liver.
Acute inhalation toxicity was evaluated in rats (sex, strain, and number not
reported) receiving bromochloromethane
at a concentration level of 57,300 ppm for 15 minutes. Experimental protocol and
results were not reported.
Acute inhalation toxicity was evaluated in
guinea pigs (sex, strain, and number not reported) receiving bromochloromethane
at concentration levels of 0.5 and 1.0% (v/v) exposed for 2 hours and 2.0 and
2.4% (v/v) exposed for 1 hour. Experimental procedure and results were not
reported.
Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in 1 male
and 1 female dog (strain not reported) exposed to bromochloroethane vapor at a
nominal concentration of 370 ppm for 7 hours/day, for a total of 135 exposures
within 195 days. Mortality was not reported. There were no compound-related
clinical observations or body weight changes. Hematological analysis revealed
high inorganic blood bromide levels in both males and females. Urinalysis,
relative organ weight data, and gross and microscopic histopathological findings
were not reported.
Chronic toxicity was evaluated in groups of 20
male and 20 female rats (strain not reported) exposed to bromochloroethane vapor
at nominal concentrations of 0, 500 and 1000 ppm for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week
for a total of 79 to 82 exposures within 114 days. Mortality was not reported.
There were no compound-related clinical observations or body weight changes.
Hematological analysis revealed high inorganic blood bromide levels in both
males and females exposed to 1000 and 500 ppm. Urinalysis was not reported.
Gross necropsy revealed fatty and enlarged livers in females exposed to 1000 ppm.
Average liver and kidney weights were higher in both males and females at 1000
ppm and in the liver weights of females at 500 ppm than in the controls.
Microscopic histopathology revealed proliferation of the bile duct epithelium,
slight portal fibrosis, and swelling of the parenchymal cells of the midzonal
region of the liver in males at 1000 ppm and females at 500 and 1000 ppm. An
additional group of 20 female rats was exposed to bromochloroethane at a nominal
concentration of 370 ppm for a period of 7 hours/day for a total of 135
exposured in 195 days. The only compound-related effects were increased liver
weights and increased blood bromide levels.
Chronic toxicity was evaluated in groups of 10 male and 10 female guinea pigs
(strain not reported) exposed to bromochloroethane vapor at nominal
concentrations of 0, 500 and 1000 ppm for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for a total
of 79 to 82 exposures within 114 days. Mortality was not reported. There were no
compound-related clinical observations or gross necropsy findings. Hematological
analysis revealed an increased number of leucocytes in females at 1000 ppm and
increased blood bromide levels in both males and females at 500 ppm. Urinalysis
was not reported. Average liver and kidney weights were higher in males at 1000
ppm than in the controls. Microscopic histopathology revealed decreased
spermatogenesis in the tubules of the testes of males at 1000 ppm accompanied by
fibrosis in some tubules, while only the germinal epithelium remained in others.
Chronic toxicity was evaluated in groups of 2
male and 2 female rabbits (strain not reported) exposed to bromochloroethane
vapor at nominal concentrations of 0, 500 and 1000 ppm for 7 hours/day, 5
days/week for a total of 79 to 82 exposures within 114 days. Mortality was not
reported. There were no compound-related clinical observations, body weight
changes or gross necropsy findings. Hematological analysis revealed high
inorganic blood bromide levels in both males and females exposed to 500 and 1000
ppm. Urinalysis was not reported. Average liver and kidney weights were higher
in 1 male and both females at 1000 ppm than in the controls. Microscopic
histopathology revealed decreased spermatogenesis accompanied by fibrosis in one
of the males at 1000 ppm. An additional 4 females were exposed to the test
material at a nominal concentration of 130 ppm for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for
a total of 45 exposures in 66 days to determine the effect of bromochloroethane
on the bromide ion concentration in the blood. The concentration reached a
maximum of 30-35 mg % Br by the end of the second week of the study.
Chronic toxicity was evaluated in groups of 10
female mice (strain not reported) exposed to bromochloroethane vapor at nominal
concentrations of 0, 500 and 1000 ppm for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for a total
of 79 to 82 exposures within 114 days. Mortality was not reported. There were no
compound-related clinical observations, body weight changes, gross necropsy
findings, or microscopic histopathological findings. Hematological analysis and
urinalysis were not reported. The average liver and kidney weights were slightly
higher in the animals exposed to 1000 ppm than in the controls.
The mutagenicity of bromochloroethane was evalauted in Salmonella tester strains
TA98, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538, both in the presence and absence of added
metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. Based on
preliminary bacterial toxicity determinations, bromochloromethane
was evaluated for mutagenicity at concentrations of 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and
1000 ug/plate using the direct plate incorporation method. Bromochloroethane did
not cause a reproducible positive response in any of the tester strains, either
with or without metabolic activation.
The ability of bromochloromethane
to induce mitotic recombination was evaluated in Sacchomyces cerevisiae D3 at
levels of 0, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 % concentration (w/v or v/v), both in the
presence and absence of added metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver
S9 fraction. Bromochloromethane did
not cause a significant increase in mitotic recombinations, either with or
without added metabolic activation.
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
BROMOCHLOROMETHANE WAS METABOLIZED TO
FORMALDEHYDE (METHANAL), CHLORIDE & BROMIDE IONS IN RAT TISSUES. /FROM
TABLE/
Biotransformation of dihalomethanes leads to dehalogenation
& end product is carbon monoxide. In the case of dichloromethane the carbon
monoxide appears to arise from formyl halide. This intermediate, as an
alternative to losing carbon monoxide, can covalently bind to cellular protein
or lipid. The involvement of nonmicrosomal enzymes in dihalomethane
biotransformation leads to prodn of formaldehyde & halide. A necessary step
is the reaction of dihalomethane with glutathione, which results in loss of one
halide. The resulting halomethylglutathione is postulated to undergo
nonenzymatic hydrolytic dehalogenation leaving hydroxymethylglutathione. The
next step would result in the release of the hydroxymethyl group as
formaldehyde. Alternatively it has been shown that in the presence of
formaldehyde dehydrogenase & NAD /nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide/ formic
acid can be formed. /Dichloromethane/
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
Inorganic bromide in blood serum and urine /determined/ in
dogs exposed to 1000 ppm of methylene chlorobromide in
air. These animals were exposed 7 hr/day, 5 days/week. During the 3rd week, the
blood serum inorganic bromide had increased from a normal of 5 to 10 mg/100 ml
to more than 200 mg. By the 13th and 14th weeks, the concentration was greater
than 300 mg of inorganic bromide/100 ml of blood. The same authors determined
the blood concentration of volatile bromide expressed as mg of methylene
chlorobromide/100 ml of blood. Taken immediately at the end of the
exposure, concentrations between 5 and 9 mg of methylene chlorobromide/100 ml were observed. At periods of 17 to 65 hr after the
end of the last exposure, no volatile bromide was observed in one dog and
concentrations less than 1 mg in the other. It would appear that methylene
chlorobromide as such appears in the blood during exposure to vapors in
air, but disappears rapidly on cessation of exposure. Apparently, a significant
amount of material is hydrolyzed or metabolized to yield inorganic bromide ... .
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Chlorobromomethane's production and
use as as a fire extinguisher fluid, especially in aircraft and portable
units(1), may result in its direct release to the environment as well as its
release through various waste streams. Biogenic production has been observed by
marine algae. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 142 mm Hg at 25 deg C
indicates chlorobromomethane will exist solely as a
vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Chlorobromomethane
will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced
hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is about 145 days. The
atmospheric lifetime of chlorobromomethane is estimated
to be reduced by a factor of two as a result of its dissolution and degradation
in the oceans. If released to soil, chlorobromomethane
is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 24.
Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate
process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.46X10-3 atm-cu m/mole.
Chlorobromomethane should volatilize from dry soil
surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Based on limited data, microbial
degradation of bromochloromethane may occur in soil
under anoxic conditions. If released into water, chlorobromomethane
is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the
estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important
fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant.
Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.6
hours and 4.7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 2.4 suggests that the
potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not
expected to occur in water becuase the estimated rate is so low. Direct
photochemical degradation is not expected to occur becuase it does not absorb
light >290 nm. Occupational exposure to chlorobromomethane
may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces
where chlorobromomethane is produced or used. The
general population may be exposed to chlorobromomethane
in drinking water or by inhalation or dermal contact with this chemical in fire
extinguishers. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Inhalation, ingestion, eye and skin contact.
Occupational exposure to bromochloromethane
may occur by inhalation or dermal exposure during its manufacture, and during
the use of fire extinguishers in which it is contained. Exposure to the general
population may occur by ingestion of contaminated drinking water, or by
inhalation and dermal contact during the use of fire extinguishers in which it
is contained. Occupational exposure to chlorobromomethane
may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces
where it is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to chlorobromomethane
in drinking water or by inhalation or dermal contact with this chemical in fire
extinguishers. (SRC)
Natural Pollution Sources:
Bromochloromethane was found in
remote ocean areas along with other naturally occurring bromo or chloro methanes
produced by algae(1). Although it is possible that bromochloromethane
was produced by this natural source, the author suggested that it may be due to
long range transport from anthropogenic sources(1). Chlorobromomethane
was released from cultivated species of the brown algae, Phaeophyta(2). This may
be a major source of biogenic emissions of chlorobromomethane
from oceans.
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Chlorobromomethane's production and
use as as a fire extinguisher fluid, especially in aircraft and portable
units(1), may result in its direct release to the environment as well as its
release through various waste streams(SRC).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an
estimated Koc value of 24(SRC), determined from a structure estimation
method(2), indicates that chlorobromomethane is
expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chlorobromomethane
from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given
a Henry's Law constant of 1.46X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), estimated from its vapor
pressure, 142 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 16,700 mg/l(4). Chlorobromomethane
is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor
pressure. Based on limited data, microbial degradation of chlorobromomethane
may occur in soil under anoxic conditions(5).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an
estimated Koc value of 24(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2),
indicates that chlorobromomethane is not expected to
adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces
is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.46X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC),
calculated from its vapor pressure, 142 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 16,700
mg/l(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3),
volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.6 hours and 4.7
days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated
BCF of 2.4(SRC), from a log Kow of 1.41(7), suggests the potential for
bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis and direct
photochemical degradation are not expected to occur in environmental waters(SRC).
Results of two aerobic biodegradation screening studies in aqueous media suggest
that biodegradation may be important(8,9).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle
partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chlorobromomethane.
which has a vapor pressure of 142 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist
solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chlorobromomethane
is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl
radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is 145 days(SRC), from its
experimental rate constant of 1.11X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(3).
Direct photolysis will have only a minor effect on the atmospheric lifetime due
to chlorobromomethane's very low UV absorption in the
environmentally significant range >290 nm(3). The atmospheric lifetime is
further reduced by ocean removal(3). On the basis of its water solubility and
assuming that dissolution in the ocean leads to chemical degradation, the
atmospheric lifetime will be reduced by approximately a factor of 2(3). Bromochloromethane's
high water solubility, 16,700 mg/l at 25 deg C(4) suggests that physical removal
from the atmosphere by wet deposition may occur; however bromochloromethane
deposited by this process is expected to re-volatilize to the atmosphere(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation:
In a screening test, bromochloromethane
at an initial concn of 5 or 10 mg/l underwent 100% degradation within seven days
using a settled domestic wastewater inoculum under aerobic conditions(1,2).
Complete degradation ensued with 3 successive subcultures(1,2). In a 4-week
biodegradation screening test (MITI test) using chlorobromomethane
(100 ppm) and an activated sludge inoculum, 0-12% of BOD was removed(4). Bromochloromethane
has been reported to undergo microbial degradation under anoxic conditions when
cultured with soil bacteria, although no details were provided(3).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of
chlorobromomethane
with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.11X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec
at 25 deg C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 145 days at an
atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Another
investigator determined the rate constant for the reaction of chlorobromomethane
with hydroxyl radicals as 0.93X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(3). Direct
photolysis has only a minor effect on the atmospheric lifetime of chlorobromomethane
due to its very low UV absorption at wavelengths >290 nm(1). Hydrolysis of bromochloromethane
in environmental waters is not expected to be a significant process as the
half-life for this process under environmental conditions at 25 deg C has been
estimated at 44 years(2). Measurement of chlorobromomethane
reaction kinetics as a function of pH and temperature indicate that HS- promoted
reaction exceed hydrolyis rates at HS- concns greater than 2-17 uM, well within
ranges common in sulfate-reducing environments(4). Therefore abiotic reaction
with bisulfide ions may be of considerable importance in sufate-reducing
environments.
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF of 2.4 was calculated for
chlorobromomethane(SRC),
using a log Kow of 1.41(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a
classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration
in aquatic organisms is low.
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
Using a structure estimation method based on molecular
connectivity indices(1), the Koc for chlorobromomethane
can be estimated to be 24(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this
estimated Koc value suggests that chlorobromomethane is
expected to have very high mobility in soil. The partition coefficient of chlorobromomethane
between a sandy loam soil and water was 0.2497(3). The electrostatic attraction
between negatively charged clay particle and charged carbon atom is hypothesized
to be the prime adsorption mechanism of halogenated organic contaminants to a
sandy loam. The negative charge on the halogen atoms repels negatively charged
soil particles(3).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for chlorobromomethane
is estimated as 0.00146 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its vapor pressure, 142 mm
Hg(1), and water solubility, 16,700 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates
that chlorobromomethane is expected to volatilize
rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the
volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind
velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 1.6 hours(SRC). The volatilization
half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5
m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.7 days(SRC). Chlorobromomethane's
Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may
occur(SRC). Chlorobromomethane is not expected to
volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 142 mm
Hg(1).
Environmental Water Concentrations:
DRINKING WATER: Bromochloromethane
was qualitatively detected in Philadelphia's drinking water supply,
1975-1977(1). It was reported as being identified in drinking water(2,3). Bromochloromethane
was qualitatively detected in treated, but not raw, drinking water in the UK(4).
A municiple water supply in Spain was sampled one week per month between
February and June 1987 over which time 315 samples were analyzed(5). The final
average and maximum concns of chlorobromomethane were
9.3 and 152.3 ug/l and the relative frequency of appearance was 59%. Its
relative abundance with respect to other halocarbons was 8.6%.
SURFACE WATER: Bromochloromethane was detected in 15
out of 91 stations in Lake Ontario at a concn of trace to 10 ng/l(1). It was
detected in 1% of 83 water samples taken from Lake Ontario, 1981(2). The
baseline concn of bromochloromethane in the open
Atlantic Ocean is 0.02 ng/l(3). It was qualitatively detected in Narragansett
Bay, RI, 1979-81(4). Bromochloromethane was
qualitatively detected in rivers in the UK(5). Chlorobromomethane
was found in one of five samples from the heavily polluted Scheldt estuary in
southwest Netherlands (1986-1989) at 0.59 ug/l(6).
GROUNDWATER: Chlorobromomethane was
detected in groundwater samples in the Netherlands, at a maximum concn of 8 ug/l(1).
Atmospheric Concentrations:
RURAL/REMOTE: Bromochloromethane was
detected at a concentration of 2.3 to 3.1 parts per trillion volume (ground
level), 1983, in the arctic at Point Barrow, AL, with the concentration being
the greatest during the winter and spring seasons(1). The average concn of bromochloromethane
during the so called arctic haze was 2.3 parts per trillion volume in the haze
and 2.0 parts per trillion volume outside the haze(1). The mean concn of bromochloromethane
in air over the open Atlantic (30 deg S to 40 deg N) is 0.4 parts per trillion
volume in samples taken below the tropospheric boundary level, and 0.3 parts per
trillion volume above that boundary(2). The baseline concn of this compound in
air over the north Atlantic was 0.002 ng/l(2). URBAN/SUBURBAN: Chlorobromomethane
was not detected (detection limit 1.1 ppb) in 3-hour air samples from 15 U.S.
cites during June to September, 1987 during weekdays from 6 to 9 am(5). The
concentrations of chlorobromomethane in air samples
taken at a site 60 km north of Tokyo Japan and at a coastal site to the east was
0.90-1.40 parts per trillion and 0.52-0.64 parts per trillion, respectively(4).
SOURCE DOMINATED: Bromochloromethane was qualitatively
identified in the air at a hazardous waste site in NJ(3).
Fish/Seafood Concentrations:
Bromochloromethane was detected in
tissue from rainbow trout collected from the Colorado River. The estimated
concentration in the whole fish sample was 8 ug/l.
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
TSCA Requirements:
Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model
Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires
manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and
mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety
studies. Chlorobromomethane is included on this list.
Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical
substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with
production, use, and exposure to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329.
Clean Water Act Requirements:
Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations.
/Halomethanes/
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 10 ug/l
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(ME) MAINE 92 ug/l
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C-H2-Br-Cl
Molecular Weight:
129.38
Color/Form:
Clear, colorless liquid
Colorless to pale-yellow liquid.
Odor:
2100 mg/cu m (odor threshold low) 2100 mg/cu m (odor threshold
high) sweet.
Chloroform-like odor.
Boiling Point:
68.0 deg C
Melting Point:
-87.9 deg C
Corrosivity:
Liquid chlorobromomethane will attack
some forms of plastics, rubber, & coatings.
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.9344 g/cu cm @ 20 deg C
Heat of Vaporization:
232 J/g (55.4 cal/g) at boiling point
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 1.41
Solubilities:
Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, and acetone
Miscible with carbon tetrachloride, chloroform
Miscible with methanol
0.9 part in 100 parts water
> 10% in benzene
In water, 1.67X10+4 mg/l @ 25 deg C
Spectral Properties:
SADTLER REFERENCE NUMBER: 204 (IR, PRISM)
Index of refraction: 1.4838 @ 20 deg C
IR: 1308 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
NMR: 6661 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
MASS: 548 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons,
New York)
Surface Tension:
33.32 dynes/cm @ 20 deg C
Vapor Pressure:
142 mm Hg @ 25 deg C
Viscosity:
0.670 mN.s/sq m @ 20 deg C
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
PER CENT IN SATURATED AIR: 21 @ 25 DEG C; CONVERSION FACTORS:
1 MG/L= 189 PPM & 1 PPM= 5.3 MG/CU M @ 25 DEG C, 760 TORR
DENSITY OF SATURATED AIR: 1.72 (AIR= 1)
Dielectric constant: 7.70; dipole moment: 1.66 @ 25 deg C
Enthalpy energy of formation: -12.0 kcal/mol; Gibbs energy of
formation: -9.39 kcal/mol; entropy: 68.67 cal/deg/mol @ 298.15 K
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Exposure in
an enclosed area may be very harmful. Contact may irritate or burn skin and
eyes. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control
or dilution water may cause pollution.
Fire or explosion: Some of these materials may burn, but none
ignite readily. Most vapors are heavier than air. Air/vapor mixtures may explode
when ignited. Container may explode in heat of fire.
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Numbers. ...
Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160
feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many
gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or
confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate
closed spaces before entering.
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will
only provide limited protection.
Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100
meters (330 feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire,
ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial
evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large
fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers
from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later
disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer
loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor
nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire
is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices
or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks.
Spill or leak: Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking,
flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Stop leak if you can do it without
risk. Small liquid spills: Take up with sand, earth or other noncombustible
absorbent material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later
disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical
care. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen
if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running
water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material
on unaffected skin. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take
precautions to protect themselves.
Fire Potential:
NO FLASH OR FIRE POINTS BY STANDARD TESTS IN AIR.
Flash Point:
NO FLASH OR FIRE POINTS BY STD TESTS IN AIR.
Fire Fighting Procedures:
If material involved in fire: Cool all affected containers
with flooding quantities of water. Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material
ifself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Apply water from as far a
distance as possible. Keep run off water out of sewers and water sources.
Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self
contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.
Toxic Combustion Products:
... Decomposition products (hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
bromide & bromine gases) /are/ evolved by contact with fire.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Chemically active metals such as calcium, powdered aluminum,
zinc, magnesium
Hazardous Decomposition:
Toxic gases & vapors (such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene,
carbon monoxide, & hydrogen bromide) may be released when chlorobromomethane
decomposes.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
2000 ppm
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Employees should be provided with & required to use
impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight in minimum), & other
appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin
contact with liq chlorobromomethane. ... Use splash
proof safety goggles where liq chlorobromomethane may
contact the eyes.
Wear chemical goggles ... protecting rubber overalls, rubber
gloves.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 2000 ppm.
Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow
mode. Eye protection needed. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic
vapor cartridge(s). Eye protection needed. Any chemical cartridge respirator
with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s). Any air-purifying, full-facepiece
respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor
canister. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any
supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry
into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained
breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator
that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly
occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece
respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor
canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Preventive Measures:
Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that engineering
controls be used to reduce environmental concn to the permissible exposure
level. However, there are some exceptions where respirators may be used to
control exposure. Respirators may be used when engineering & work practice
controls are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of
being installed, or when they fail & need to be supplemented. Respirators
may be also used for operations which require entry into tanks or closed
vessels, & in emergency situations. ... the only respirators permitted are
those that have been approved by Mine Safety & Health Admin or by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. In addition to
respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be
instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning,
& evaluation.
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend
not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the
substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye
protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be
individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the
wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases,
contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection
equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers.
Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue
personnel hazard.
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact
with the material.
Skin that becomes wet with liquid chlorobromomethane
should be promptly washed or showered with soap or mild detergent & water to
remove any chlorobromomethane.
Remove nonimpervious clothing promptly if wet or contaminated.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so
that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or
clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the
cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective
clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not
be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for
cleaning.
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence
of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work
area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation
is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to
airborne contaminants.
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated
should be removed and replaced.
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous
material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in
conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described,
packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or
authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618
and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed
by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for
transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual
substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the
classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has
also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to
locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or
article.
Storage Conditions:
... MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMP
INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS DUE TO CONTACT WITH HEAT, MOISTURE, ACID, OR ACID FUMES,
SHOULD BE STORED IN COOL, WELL-VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF DIRECT RAYS OF SUN, AWAY
FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD & SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED &
MONITORED.
Cleanup Methods:
1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2. COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION
OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR SIMILAR MATERIAL.
Disposal Methods:
CHLOROBROMOMETHANE MAY BE DISPOSED OF
BY ABSORBING IT IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL, &
DISPOSING IN A SECURED LANDFILL.
Incinerate together with flammable solvent in furnace equipped with afterburner
and alkali scrubber.
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to
implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult
with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg:
200 ppm (1050 mg/cu m).
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 200 ppm
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed
three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day,
and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided
that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 200 ppm
(1050 mg/cu m).
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
2000 ppm
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
Australia: 200 ppm (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 200
ppm, short-term level 40 ppm, 30 min, 4 times per shift (1990); United Kingdom:
200 ppm, 10-min STEL 250 ppm (1991).
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
Fire-extinguishing fluid (its effectiveness per unit weight
makes it suitable for use in aircraft and portable extinguishers); explosive
suppression agent; and intermediate and solvent in the manufacture of pesticides
and other products.
Methods of Manufacturing:
Partial replacement of chloride in methylene chloride by
reaction with anhydrous aluminum bromide, treatment with bromine and aluminum,
or by reaction with hydrogen bromide in the presence of aluminum halide
catalyst.
Consumption Patterns:
ESSENTIALLY 100% AS A FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENT (1976)
U. S. Production:
(1972) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 G
(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 G
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
A CONCENTRATION METHOD FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN TAP
WATER BY USING AMBERLITE XAD-4 RESIN WAS DEVELOPED FOR USE WITH GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS. VOLATILE COMPOUNDS (INCLUDING CHLOROBROMOMETHANE)
WERE ELUTED INTO A GLASS MINIVIAL WITH 14 ML OF ETHER AFTER PASSING 200 L OF TAP
WATER THROUGH THE XAD-4 RESIN COLUMN. THE ETHER WAS EVAPORATED AND SAMPLE
CONCENTRATED TO 1 ML BY USING A STREAM (200 ML/MIN) OF CLEAN NITROGEN GAS UNDER
COOLING BY DRY ICE. VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WERE SEPARATED WITH PEG 6000 OR OV-17 GC
COLUMN AND ANALYZED BY GC-MS.
NIOSH Method 1003. Determination of Halogenated Hydrocarbons by GC with Flame
Ionization Detection. Analyte: chlorobromomethane;
Matrix: air; Technique: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection;
Desorption with 1 ml carbon disulfide; Injection vol 5 ul; Column: 3 m x 3 mm OD
stainless steel, 10% SP-1000 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb WHP; Carrier gas:
nitrogen or helium, 30 ml/min; Range: 0.5 to 15 mg/sample. Detection limit= 1.00
mg/cu m.
EPA Method 502.1. Volatile Halogenated Organic Compounds in
Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography, GC with electoconductivity
detection, detection limit not reported.
EPA EMSL Method 502.2. Volatile Halogenated Organic Compounds
in Water by Purge and Trap Capillary Gas Chromatography with Photoionization and
Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series, GC with electoconductivity
detection, method detection limit 0.010 ug/l.
EPA EMSL Method 524.1. Measurement of Purgeable Organic
Compounds in Water by Packed Column Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectroscopy.
Detection limit not reported.
EPA OSW Method 8021A. Determination of Halogenated and
Aromatic Volatile Organics using Capillary Column Gas Chromatography. Method
detection limit 0.010 ug/l.
EPA OSW Method 8260A. Determination of Volatile Organics by
Purge and Trap, Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectroscopy. Method
detection limit 0.040 ug/l.
Sampling Procedures:
NIOSH 1003: Analyte:
chlorobromomethane;
Matrix: air; Sampler: solid sorbent tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg);
Flow rate: 0.01 to 0.2 l/min; Vol: min: 0.5 l @ 200 ppm, max: 8 l /Hydrocarbons,
halogenated, chlorobromomethane/
Great Lakes
Chemical Corporation and the Pathfinders Camp